Questions and Answers
Rescorla-Wagner model states that the strength of the CS-US association is determined by the extent to which the ___________ stimulus is unexpected.
unconditioned
It predicts the shape of learning and extinction ________.
curves
The effect of changing the CS or US ________.
intensity
In acquisition with repeated pairings of the CS and US, the probability that the CS alone will produce the CR rapidly ___________ and then levels off.
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The probability of the CR is a measure of the associative strength of the _____.
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The more strongly the CS is associated with the US the more likely the CS alone will elicit the ____.
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The Rescorla-Wagner model predicts that during acquisition the associative strength should increase quickly at first, but more slowly later and that the associative strength should approach an __________.
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Intensity of the US should affect the ___________ and the intensity of the CS (salience) should affect the _______ of conditioning.
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The stronger US will produce a higher associative strength (asymptote). A weak CS will have a ________ learning curve and a strong CS will have a steeper learning curve.
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In extinction if the CS is repeatedly presented without the US, the associative strength __________ quickly at first, approaching an asymptote of ______.
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Expectation: Respondent conditioning involves the subject learning to predict events based on the past. So when the CS is presented, the subject has an expectation about the ____. This expectation is the __________ _______ of the CS.
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Trial Outcomes: There are four things that might happen on a trial, either the subject's expectations are ________ or the subject's expectations are different from what happens, i.e., the subject will be ________.
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The Rescorla-Wagner model says you only get learning when your expectation is wrong.
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Surprise: The Rescorla-Wagner model assumes that learning will only take place if the subject is _________.
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Learning, or conditioning, is a process of the subject changing its ________ which seems consistent with the predictiveness principle.
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During acquisition if the subject is surprised by receiving the US when it didn't expect it, it will ________ its expectation that the US will follow the CS in future.
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Here, excitatory conditioning has taken place where the associative strength of the CS increases, i.e., the CS is now _______ likely to elicit the CR.
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Inhibitory Conditioning: During extinction if the subject is surprised by not receiving the US when it did expect it, it will __________ its expectation that the US will follow the CS in the future.
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Here, _________ conditioning has taken place where the associative strength of the CS decreases, i.e., the CS is now less likely to elicit the CR.
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No Conditioning: Suppose during acquisition/extinction the subject is not surprised, it won't change its expectation. Therefore, the associative strength of the CS will stay the _______ and the probability that the CS will elicit the CR won't change.
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Strength of Expectation: Subjects can have strong or weak expectations about what will happen after the CS. So the model really says that excitatory conditioning will take place if the strength of the US is _________ than the strength of the subject's expectation.
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Inhibitory conditioning will take place if the strength of the US is _______ than the associative strength of the CS.
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The magnitude of the change of the subjects' expectations will depend on how __________ the subject was.
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Maximum Associative Strength: Any US has a maximum associative strength that it can support. This will be affected by the ________ of the US.
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This maximum associative strength will determine the _________ of a learning curve of excitatory conditioning.
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Salience of CS: One CS might be easier to condition than another CS, this will depend on their __________.
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Salience relates to _______ i.e., a more intense CS will be more salient.
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Salience of the CS affects the ___________ of acquisition and extinction.
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Salience can be between 0-1.
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Study Notes
Rescorla-Wagner Model Overview
- The strength of the conditioned stimulus (CS) and unconditioned stimulus (US) association relies on the unexpectedness of the US.
- Learning and extinction follow a curve influenced by changes in the CS or US.
Acquisition Process
- In repeated pairings of CS and US, the likelihood of a conditioned response (CR) significantly increases before plateauing.
- The probability of CR serves as an indicator of the associative strength between CS and US.
Asymptote Concept
- The model suggests that associative strength rises rapidly at first, then levels off as it approaches an asymptote—the maximum strength attainable.
Intensity and Learning Curve
- The intensity of the US influences the asymptote, while the salience of the CS affects the speed of conditioning.
- A stronger US leads to a higher associative strength, whereas a weak CS results in a slower learning curve.
Extinction Process
- During extinction, repeated presentation of the CS without the US leads to a rapid decrease in associative strength, near a zero asymptote.
Expectation in Conditioning
- Learning involves anticipating events based on prior experiences, and the degree of expectation about the US influences associative strength.
Trial Outcomes
- Four possible scenarios can occur during trials:
- Expectations are met (no learning occurs).
- Unexpected events lead to learning.
- Learning occurs only when there's a discrepancy between expectation and reality.
Role of Surprise
- Conditioning is contingent upon the subject being surprised by unexpected outcomes.
- The process of learning is defined by modifications in the subject's expectations.
Excitatory vs. Inhibitory Conditioning
- In excitatory conditioning, surprise at receiving the US when it is unexpected increases the strength of the CS in eliciting the CR.
- Inhibitory conditioning occurs during extinction when the absence of expected US decreases the CS's capacity to elicit the CR.
No Conditioning Scenario
- If expectations remain unchanged due to lack of surprise, the associative strength of the CS stays constant, and the probability of eliciting the CR remains unchanged.
Strength of Expectation
- The model delineates that excitatory conditioning is feasible when the strength of the US surpasses the expectation; inhibitory conditioning occurs when the opposite is true.
Impact of Surprise Magnitude
- The extent of expectation change is directly proportional to how surprised the subject felt by the outcome.
Maximum Associative Strength
- Each US has a limit to the associative strength it can achieve, influenced by its intensity, which defines the learning curve's peak in excitatory conditioning.
Salience of CS
- The ease of conditioning varies according to the salience of the CS, which correlates with its intensity, thus affecting acquisition and extinction speed.
- Salience values range from 0 (not salient) to 1 (very salient).
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Description
Explore the Rescorla-Wagner model of classical conditioning through these informative flashcards. Learn about the relationships between unconditioned and conditioned stimuli, and how their associations affect learning and extinction. Perfect for psychology students focusing on conditioning theories.