Prediction Error Learning and Attention
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Questions and Answers

What do dopamine neurons in the Ventral Tegmental Area primarily signal?

  • Training and Learning Outcomes
  • Reward and Reward Prediction Error (correct)
  • Punishment
  • Environmental Changes

    • Dopamine neurons do not fire in response to rewards that are fully predicted.

    True

    What is meant by 'Reward Prediction Error'?

    The difference between expected and received reward.

    In associative learning, an _________ stimulus can predict a reward.

    <p>unconditioned</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following concepts with their descriptions:

    <p>Kamin's Blocking = Phenomenon where a previously learned association prevents the learning of a new association. Conditioned Response = A learned response to a previously neutral stimulus. Unconditioned Stimulus = A stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a response. Associative Learning = A learning process where a new response is acquired through association.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to DA cells when a predicted reward is omitted?

    <p>They decrease firing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Lateral Habenula neurons increase firing in response to a reward.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of learning does Prediction Error depend on?

    <p>contiguity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ stimulus is the factor that elicits a natural response in a learning scenario.

    <p>unconditioned</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a result of cognitive decline in Parkinson's Disease (PD) patients?

    <p>Memory failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the term with its correct definition:

    <p>Conditioned Stimulus = A stimulus that elicits a response after being paired with an unconditioned stimulus Unconditioned Response = An automatic reaction to an unconditioned stimulus Predicted Reward = The expected outcome based on previous conditioning Prediction Error = The difference between expected and received outcome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Kamin's Blocking, a previously established CS can block the learning of a new CS.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ calculates the change in expected value based on reward and prediction.

    <p>prediction error</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group is more affected by a violation of the relationship during short delays between CS and US?

    <p>PD patients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The amygdala is primarily responsible for detecting predictable sequences.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for reward prediction error?

    <p>Received reward - predicted reward</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ______ is activated significantly during unexpected punishment learning.

    <p>Amygdala</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the attention types with their definitions:

    <p>Endogenous Attention = Internally generated spotlight Exogenous Attention = Externally generated orienting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when there is greater salience of a conditioned stimulus (CS)?

    <p>Increased learning rates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    PD patients are better at learning with immediate feedback than healthy controls.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does prediction error signify in associative learning?

    <p>Surprise!</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the R-W model of reward prediction, salience adjusts ______.

    <p>learning rates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does attention play a role in learning?

    <p>It allows for selective focus on stimuli.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an unconditioned stimulus (US) in classical conditioning?

    <p>A stimulus that naturally triggers a response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In classical conditioning, the conditioned response (CR) is identical to the unconditioned response (UR).

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explain Kamin's Blocking effect in the context of associative learning.

    <p>Kamin's Blocking effect occurs when a previously conditioned stimulus prevents the learning of a new stimulus when presented together, showing that learning is not just about correlation but also expectation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In classical conditioning, the ____ is the response that occurs automatically due to the unconditioned stimulus.

    <p>unconditioned response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the terms with their correct definitions:

    <p>Unconditioned Stimulus = Stimulus that elicits an unlearned response Conditioned Response = Learned response to a previously neutral stimulus Prediction Error = Difference between expected and actual outcomes Associative Learning = Learning that occurs through the association of stimuli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the brain's computational goal deal with in predictive processing?

    <p>Minimizing the prediction error</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Attention has no impact on how prediction errors are processed in the brain.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define associative learning.

    <p>Associative learning is a learning process in which an association is made between two stimuli or a stimulus and a response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In predictive processing, behavior is explained by ____ updates.

    <p>prediction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the Rescorla-Wagner model?

    <p>A model that predicts that learning is influenced by the predictiveness of the cues involved</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What phenomenon explains why an established association can block the formation of a new association?

    <p>Kamin's Blocking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Prediction Error indicates that learning occurs only when outcomes match predictions.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an Unconditioned Stimulus (US)?

    <p>A stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the Rescorla-Wagner model, the formula for calculating the change in association strength is ∆𝑉 = 𝛼𝛼𝛼𝛼(λ − 𝑉𝑉), where λ is the __________ received.

    <p>outcome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the terms related to associative learning with their definitions:

    <p>Conditioned Response = A learned response to a previously neutral stimulus Prediction Error = The difference between the expected and actual outcomes Blocking = When a prior association interferes with a new learning Unconditioned Stimulus = A stimulus that naturally triggers a response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Associative Learning, what does a high Prediction Error indicate?

    <p>Learning has occurred due to surprise</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A positive reward prediction error occurs when the received reward is less than predicted.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process called when an established cue is unable to elicit a response because of a prior learning experience?

    <p>Blocking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The learning rate in the Rescorla-Wagner model is represented by the letter __________.

    <p>α</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of associative learning, what does 'surprise' refer to?

    <p>The difference between expected and actual outcomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Prediction Error Learning

    • Rescorla-Wagner Model is a model of associative learning.
    • The model predicts reward based on prior experiences.
    • Prediction error is the difference between expected and received reward.
    • Learning occurs when prediction errors are present.
    • Learning rate (αβ) is based on the salience of the conditioned stimulus (CS) and unconditioned stimulus (US)
    • Learning is driven by surprise.
    • Unexpected reward leads to a positive prediction error (+PE).
    • Unexpected omission of reward leads to a negative prediction error (-PE).
    • Salience of a stimuli affects how much attention a stimuli receives.
    • Learning rate is adjusted by the salience of stimuli.

    Attention and the Brain

    • Attention is both an early processing module and a part of learning.
    • Attention allows selective focus on stimuli.
    • Salience adjusts learning rates, in reward prediction models.
    • Endogenous attention is internally generated.
    • Exogenous attention is externally generated.
    • The parietal cortex plays a role in attention.
    • Right parietal cortex activity is present when focusing on the left visual field.
    • The right and left parietal cortices are both active when attending to locations in the left or right visual fields.
    • Injury to the right parietal lobe can cause visual neglect of the left visual field.
    • People with this injury may ignore the left aspect of their face when shaving or applying makeup.

    Amygdala and Unexpected Punishment

    • Unexpected punishment may also be considered a type of prediction error learning.
    • Unexpected punishment impacts activity in the amygdala, measured by tissue oxygenation (TO2), which changes based on the timing of punishment (e.g. 1st time, 2nd time, 3rd time)
    • The amygdala responds more to unexpected shocks than expected shocks.
    • The amygdala can detect unpredictable events.

    Dopamine and Reward Prediction Error

    • Dopamine neurons report prediction errors in reward.
    • Dopamine increases firing when an unexpected reward is received.
    • Dopamine decreases firing when a predicted reward is omitted.
    • The striatum is more active with immediate feedback in learning
    • PD patients perform worse in learning tasks with immediate feedback.
    • Parkinson's disease patients have issues with adapting to new contingencies.

    Other Cognitive Processes

    • The computational goal is what the brain system tries to accomplish in a cognitive system.
    • An algorithm works to fulfill the computational goal within a cognitive system.
    • Implementation is how nervous tissue implements the algorithm.
    • The classic cognitive view is that behavior is controlled by separate mechanisms.
    • The brain minimizes the difference between expectation and reality.
    • This may present as behavior driven by prediction updates.
    • Kamin's Blocking is a violation of stimulus association during learning.
    • The Rescorla-Wagner model can explain blocking

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    Attention and Prediction Error Learning PDF

    Description

    Explore the concepts of prediction error learning and its relationship with attention in the brain. This quiz covers key models like the Rescorla-Wagner model, emphasizing how salience and prediction errors drive learning. Test your knowledge on the mechanisms of how attention affects learning and reward prediction.

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