Prediction Error Learning and Attention
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Questions and Answers

What do dopamine neurons in the Ventral Tegmental Area primarily signal?

  • Training and Learning Outcomes
  • Reward and Reward Prediction Error (correct)
  • Punishment
  • Environmental Changes

    • Dopamine neurons do not fire in response to rewards that are fully predicted.

    True (A)

    What is meant by 'Reward Prediction Error'?

    The difference between expected and received reward.

    In associative learning, an _________ stimulus can predict a reward.

    <p>unconditioned</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following concepts with their descriptions:

    <p>Kamin's Blocking = Phenomenon where a previously learned association prevents the learning of a new association. Conditioned Response = A learned response to a previously neutral stimulus. Unconditioned Stimulus = A stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a response. Associative Learning = A learning process where a new response is acquired through association.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to DA cells when a predicted reward is omitted?

    <p>They decrease firing (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Lateral Habenula neurons increase firing in response to a reward.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of learning does Prediction Error depend on?

    <p>contiguity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ stimulus is the factor that elicits a natural response in a learning scenario.

    <p>unconditioned</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a result of cognitive decline in Parkinson's Disease (PD) patients?

    <p>Memory failure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the term with its correct definition:

    <p>Conditioned Stimulus = A stimulus that elicits a response after being paired with an unconditioned stimulus Unconditioned Response = An automatic reaction to an unconditioned stimulus Predicted Reward = The expected outcome based on previous conditioning Prediction Error = The difference between expected and received outcome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Kamin's Blocking, a previously established CS can block the learning of a new CS.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ calculates the change in expected value based on reward and prediction.

    <p>prediction error</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group is more affected by a violation of the relationship during short delays between CS and US?

    <p>PD patients (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The amygdala is primarily responsible for detecting predictable sequences.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for reward prediction error?

    <p>Received reward - predicted reward</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ______ is activated significantly during unexpected punishment learning.

    <p>Amygdala</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the attention types with their definitions:

    <p>Endogenous Attention = Internally generated spotlight Exogenous Attention = Externally generated orienting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when there is greater salience of a conditioned stimulus (CS)?

    <p>Increased learning rates (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    PD patients are better at learning with immediate feedback than healthy controls.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does prediction error signify in associative learning?

    <p>Surprise!</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the R-W model of reward prediction, salience adjusts ______.

    <p>learning rates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does attention play a role in learning?

    <p>It allows for selective focus on stimuli. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an unconditioned stimulus (US) in classical conditioning?

    <p>A stimulus that naturally triggers a response (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In classical conditioning, the conditioned response (CR) is identical to the unconditioned response (UR).

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explain Kamin's Blocking effect in the context of associative learning.

    <p>Kamin's Blocking effect occurs when a previously conditioned stimulus prevents the learning of a new stimulus when presented together, showing that learning is not just about correlation but also expectation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In classical conditioning, the ____ is the response that occurs automatically due to the unconditioned stimulus.

    <p>unconditioned response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the terms with their correct definitions:

    <p>Unconditioned Stimulus = Stimulus that elicits an unlearned response Conditioned Response = Learned response to a previously neutral stimulus Prediction Error = Difference between expected and actual outcomes Associative Learning = Learning that occurs through the association of stimuli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the brain's computational goal deal with in predictive processing?

    <p>Minimizing the prediction error (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Attention has no impact on how prediction errors are processed in the brain.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define associative learning.

    <p>Associative learning is a learning process in which an association is made between two stimuli or a stimulus and a response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In predictive processing, behavior is explained by ____ updates.

    <p>prediction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the Rescorla-Wagner model?

    <p>A model that predicts that learning is influenced by the predictiveness of the cues involved (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What phenomenon explains why an established association can block the formation of a new association?

    <p>Kamin's Blocking (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Prediction Error indicates that learning occurs only when outcomes match predictions.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an Unconditioned Stimulus (US)?

    <p>A stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the Rescorla-Wagner model, the formula for calculating the change in association strength is ∆𝑉 = 𝛼𝛼𝛼𝛼(λ − 𝑉𝑉), where λ is the __________ received.

    <p>outcome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the terms related to associative learning with their definitions:

    <p>Conditioned Response = A learned response to a previously neutral stimulus Prediction Error = The difference between the expected and actual outcomes Blocking = When a prior association interferes with a new learning Unconditioned Stimulus = A stimulus that naturally triggers a response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Associative Learning, what does a high Prediction Error indicate?

    <p>Learning has occurred due to surprise (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A positive reward prediction error occurs when the received reward is less than predicted.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process called when an established cue is unable to elicit a response because of a prior learning experience?

    <p>Blocking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The learning rate in the Rescorla-Wagner model is represented by the letter __________.

    <p>α</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of associative learning, what does 'surprise' refer to?

    <p>The difference between expected and actual outcomes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Reward Prediction Error

    The difference between the reward received and the reward predicted by the brain.

    Dopamine (DA) cells and Reward Prediction Error

    Dopamine neurons fire more when a better-than-predicted reward is received and decrease firing when a reward is worse than predicted.

    Negative Prediction Error

    The brain's signal that a reward is less than expected.

    Lateral Habenula (LH)

    A brain structure that signals the VTA (a dopamine-producing area) regarding reward prediction errors.

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    Ventral Tegmental Area (VTA)

    A brain region that produces dopamine neurons that react to reward prediction errors.

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    Prediction Error Learning and Cognitive Decline

    Difficulty in adjusting to new reward contingencies is linked to prediction error failures, potentially observed in cognitive decline.

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    Prediction Error and Contiguity

    Learning based on prediction errors is influenced by the closeness in time between the stimulus and the reward.

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    Basal Ganglia and Striatum

    Brain structures involved in prediction error learning and the learning of associations.

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    Prediction Error Learning

    A process where the brain learns by comparing its predictions to the actual results, adjusting its predictions based on the difference (error).

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    Rescorla-Wagner Model

    A model of classical conditioning that describes how associations are formed between stimuli and responses based on prediction errors.

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    Amygdala and Aversive Prediction Error

    The amygdala plays a role in learning about negative predictions and the errors associated with those predictions.

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    Dopamine and Reward Prediction Error

    Dopamine signals the difference between predicted and actual rewards.

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    Attention in Reward Prediction Model

    How the brain selectively focuses on information relevant to reward prediction.

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    Attention and Parietal Cortex

    The parietal cortex plays a role in attention related to reward predictions.

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    Marr's Levels of Analysis

    A framework for understanding a brain system by focusing on computational goals, algorithms, and implementation.

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    Brain as a Prediction Machine

    A model where behavior arises from minimizing the differences between predictions and reality.

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    Classic Cognitive View

    Traditional view of behavior that sees isolated cognitive mechanisms.

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    Predictive Processing Model

    A model where behavior is understood through prediction updates (adjustment of predictions).

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    Salience

    Importance or significance of a stimulus.

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    Amygdala

    Brain region associated with processing emotions, especially fear and unexpected events.

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    Unexpected Punishment

    A punishment that was not predicted.

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    Learning Rate

    How quickly an organism adjusts or updates its predictions.

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    Striatum

    Brain region associated with immediate feedback learning.

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    PD Patients

    People with Parkinson's Disease.

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    Attention

    The focus on particular stimuli.

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    Unexpected Shocks

    Shocks that were not anticipated.

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    Unexpected Reward

    A reward that is better than expected, causing dopamine neurons to fire more strongly.

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    Omitted Punishment

    The absence of an expected punishment, which can also trigger a dopamine response.

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    Reward Prediction Error (RPE)

    The difference between the actual reward received and the reward that was predicted.

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    Blocking Effect

    A phenomenon where prior learning about a cue (CS1) prevents learning about a new cue (CS2) when both cues predict the same outcome (US).

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    Prediction Error

    The discrepancy between the predicted outcome and the actual outcome. It's the difference between what you expected and what you received.

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    Learning Rate (α)

    The rate at which associations are learned. It's influenced by the salience of the cue and the outcome.

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    Positive Prediction Error

    When the actual outcome is better than expected, resulting in a positive surprise.

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    Learning by Pictures + Text

    An example of blocking where prior learning about a cue (pictures) prevents learning about a new cue (text) when both cues predict the same outcome (word).

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    Unexpected Omission of Reward

    An expected outcome that does not occur, resulting in a negative prediction error and reduced learning.

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    Study Notes

    Prediction Error Learning

    • Rescorla-Wagner Model is a model of associative learning.
    • The model predicts reward based on prior experiences.
    • Prediction error is the difference between expected and received reward.
    • Learning occurs when prediction errors are present.
    • Learning rate (αβ) is based on the salience of the conditioned stimulus (CS) and unconditioned stimulus (US)
    • Learning is driven by surprise.
    • Unexpected reward leads to a positive prediction error (+PE).
    • Unexpected omission of reward leads to a negative prediction error (-PE).
    • Salience of a stimuli affects how much attention a stimuli receives.
    • Learning rate is adjusted by the salience of stimuli.

    Attention and the Brain

    • Attention is both an early processing module and a part of learning.
    • Attention allows selective focus on stimuli.
    • Salience adjusts learning rates, in reward prediction models.
    • Endogenous attention is internally generated.
    • Exogenous attention is externally generated.
    • The parietal cortex plays a role in attention.
    • Right parietal cortex activity is present when focusing on the left visual field.
    • The right and left parietal cortices are both active when attending to locations in the left or right visual fields.
    • Injury to the right parietal lobe can cause visual neglect of the left visual field.
    • People with this injury may ignore the left aspect of their face when shaving or applying makeup.

    Amygdala and Unexpected Punishment

    • Unexpected punishment may also be considered a type of prediction error learning.
    • Unexpected punishment impacts activity in the amygdala, measured by tissue oxygenation (TO2), which changes based on the timing of punishment (e.g. 1st time, 2nd time, 3rd time)
    • The amygdala responds more to unexpected shocks than expected shocks.
    • The amygdala can detect unpredictable events.

    Dopamine and Reward Prediction Error

    • Dopamine neurons report prediction errors in reward.
    • Dopamine increases firing when an unexpected reward is received.
    • Dopamine decreases firing when a predicted reward is omitted.
    • The striatum is more active with immediate feedback in learning
    • PD patients perform worse in learning tasks with immediate feedback.
    • Parkinson's disease patients have issues with adapting to new contingencies.

    Other Cognitive Processes

    • The computational goal is what the brain system tries to accomplish in a cognitive system.
    • An algorithm works to fulfill the computational goal within a cognitive system.
    • Implementation is how nervous tissue implements the algorithm.
    • The classic cognitive view is that behavior is controlled by separate mechanisms.
    • The brain minimizes the difference between expectation and reality.
    • This may present as behavior driven by prediction updates.
    • Kamin's Blocking is a violation of stimulus association during learning.
    • The Rescorla-Wagner model can explain blocking

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    Description

    Explore the concepts of prediction error learning and its relationship with attention in the brain. This quiz covers key models like the Rescorla-Wagner model, emphasizing how salience and prediction errors drive learning. Test your knowledge on the mechanisms of how attention affects learning and reward prediction.

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