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Questions and Answers
Questions and Answers
What is a determining factor in sex determination in some reptiles?
What is a determining factor in sex determination in some reptiles?
- Environmental toxins
- Temperature (correct)
- Genetic factors
- Dietary influences
What is the typical sex determination for some lizards at a temperature of 30°C?
What is the typical sex determination for some lizards at a temperature of 30°C?
- Predominantly male (correct)
- No specific sex determination
- Predominantly female
- Equal males and females
Which group of reptiles exhibits temperature-dependent sex determination as described in the content?
Which group of reptiles exhibits temperature-dependent sex determination as described in the content?
- Crocodilians
- Lizards (correct)
- Turtles
- Tortoises
What is a possible complication related to reptile and avian reproductive anatomy and physiology?
What is a possible complication related to reptile and avian reproductive anatomy and physiology?
What type of reproductive issues are commonly reviewed in reptiles and avians?
What type of reproductive issues are commonly reviewed in reptiles and avians?
What surgical procedure is most commonly performed on pet birds to address reproductive issues?
What surgical procedure is most commonly performed on pet birds to address reproductive issues?
Which procedure is rarely performed due to high surgical risks in birds?
Which procedure is rarely performed due to high surgical risks in birds?
What is an important management change that may need to be implemented unless oophorectomy is performed?
What is an important management change that may need to be implemented unless oophorectomy is performed?
What reproductive issue is NOT mentioned as common in birds and reptiles?
What reproductive issue is NOT mentioned as common in birds and reptiles?
What should be known regarding abnormal presentations in birds?
What should be known regarding abnormal presentations in birds?
What is the most common cause of prolapse in males during examination?
What is the most common cause of prolapse in males during examination?
Which condition is commonly associated with coelomic enlargement in females?
Which condition is commonly associated with coelomic enlargement in females?
What might indicate a healthy female regarding egg presence during spring and summer?
What might indicate a healthy female regarding egg presence during spring and summer?
How can husbandry improvements assist a female with normal egg presence?
How can husbandry improvements assist a female with normal egg presence?
Which examination finding would likely indicate a problem in males?
Which examination finding would likely indicate a problem in males?
What is the best approach if differentiation between male and female cannot be made?
What is the best approach if differentiation between male and female cannot be made?
What might coelomic enlargement in a female not indicate?
What might coelomic enlargement in a female not indicate?
In males, what must be differentiated from phallus during an examination?
In males, what must be differentiated from phallus during an examination?
What is one reason that conservative treatment often fails?
What is one reason that conservative treatment often fails?
Which diagnostic imaging technique can be used to identify post-ovulatory egg stasis?
Which diagnostic imaging technique can be used to identify post-ovulatory egg stasis?
What metabolic disturbances are often evaluated in females during diagnostic assessment?
What metabolic disturbances are often evaluated in females during diagnostic assessment?
Which blood collection site is NOT commonly used for venepuncture in certain reptiles?
Which blood collection site is NOT commonly used for venepuncture in certain reptiles?
What condition involves eggs being retained within the oviducts or shell glands?
What condition involves eggs being retained within the oviducts or shell glands?
Which of the following symptoms would NOT be evaluated during a metabolic disturbance diagnosis in females?
Which of the following symptoms would NOT be evaluated during a metabolic disturbance diagnosis in females?
What is a potential consequence of awaiting corrective measures in husbandry and nutrition?
What is a potential consequence of awaiting corrective measures in husbandry and nutrition?
Which blood chemistry test is specifically mentioned for assessment in reptiles?
Which blood chemistry test is specifically mentioned for assessment in reptiles?
Which symptom is commonly associated with excessive egg production in birds?
Which symptom is commonly associated with excessive egg production in birds?
What is the significance of performing a physical exam in cases of suspected dystocia?
What is the significance of performing a physical exam in cases of suspected dystocia?
Which imaging technique is particularly useful for detecting non-calcified eggs?
Which imaging technique is particularly useful for detecting non-calcified eggs?
How can excessive egg production affect a bird's body condition?
How can excessive egg production affect a bird's body condition?
What is the primary surgical treatment option for excessive egg production?
What is the primary surgical treatment option for excessive egg production?
What should be done prior to performing surgery for excessive egg production?
What should be done prior to performing surgery for excessive egg production?
What is a crucial step to take before conducting a physical exam on a visibly unwell bird?
What is a crucial step to take before conducting a physical exam on a visibly unwell bird?
Which imaging finding may indicate osteoporosis in birds experiencing excessive egg production?
Which imaging finding may indicate osteoporosis in birds experiencing excessive egg production?
What is a common consequence of a salpingohysterectomy?
What is a common consequence of a salpingohysterectomy?
In the context of excessive egg production, what does the term 'neuropraxis' refer to?
In the context of excessive egg production, what does the term 'neuropraxis' refer to?
Which of the following factors could contribute to difficulty in egg laying?
Which of the following factors could contribute to difficulty in egg laying?
What is the likelihood of resolving behavioral issues related to excessive egg production post-surgery?
What is the likelihood of resolving behavioral issues related to excessive egg production post-surgery?
When collecting blood from a bird for clinical evaluation, what is an important consideration?
When collecting blood from a bird for clinical evaluation, what is an important consideration?
Which clinical sign is commonly observed in birds with high fecundity and yolk coelomitis?
Which clinical sign is commonly observed in birds with high fecundity and yolk coelomitis?
What should be implemented post-operatively to manage future reproductive drive in birds?
What should be implemented post-operatively to manage future reproductive drive in birds?
What is the nature of most cases related to excessive egg production?
What is the nature of most cases related to excessive egg production?
Questions and Answers
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Flashcards
Flashcards
Temperature Dependent Sex Determination
Temperature Dependent Sex Determination
A type of sex determination where the temperature during incubation determines the offspring's sex.
Reptile and Avian Reproduction
Reptile and Avian Reproduction
The process of producing offspring in reptiles and birds, including the anatomy and physiology of their reproductive systems.
Reproductive Problems
Reproductive Problems
Issues that can affect the reproductive processes of reptiles and birds, ranging from infertility to abnormalities.
Physiological Exam
Physiological Exam
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Diagnostic Imaging
Diagnostic Imaging
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Prolapse in Lizards
Prolapse in Lizards
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Hemipenes
Hemipenes
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Coelomic Enlargement in Female Lizards
Coelomic Enlargement in Female Lizards
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Differentiating Normal vs Abnormal Coelomic Enlargement
Differentiating Normal vs Abnormal Coelomic Enlargement
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Decision Making: Normal vs Disease
Decision Making: Normal vs Disease
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Husbandry Improvements for Healthy Lizards
Husbandry Improvements for Healthy Lizards
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Calcium Supplements for Lizards
Calcium Supplements for Lizards
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Referral for Lizard Cases
Referral for Lizard Cases
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Conservative treatment failure
Conservative treatment failure
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Assessment of husbandry and nutrition
Assessment of husbandry and nutrition
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Hematology & biochemistry
Hematology & biochemistry
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Radiography for reptiles
Radiography for reptiles
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Post-ovulatory egg stasis
Post-ovulatory egg stasis
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Pre-ovulatory follicular stasis
Pre-ovulatory follicular stasis
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Venepuncture for reptiles
Venepuncture for reptiles
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Hematology and biochemistry values in reptiles
Hematology and biochemistry values in reptiles
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Excessive Egg Production
Excessive Egg Production
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Dystocia
Dystocia
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Oophorectomy
Oophorectomy
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Salpingohysterectomy
Salpingohysterectomy
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GnRH
GnRH
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Yolk Coelomitis
Yolk Coelomitis
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High-Fecundity Birds
High-Fecundity Birds
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Low-Fecundity Birds
Low-Fecundity Birds
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Dyspnea
Dyspnea
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Tachypnea
Tachypnea
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Fluffed Appearance
Fluffed Appearance
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Coelomic Distension
Coelomic Distension
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Palpable Egg
Palpable Egg
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Osteoporosis
Osteoporosis
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Hyperostosis
Hyperostosis
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Ascites
Ascites
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What can be done for a bird with abnormal follicles?
What can be done for a bird with abnormal follicles?
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What is the most common surgery for birds with reproductive issues?
What is the most common surgery for birds with reproductive issues?
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Why is oophorectomy often avoided in birds?
Why is oophorectomy often avoided in birds?
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What are some common reproductive issues in birds?
What are some common reproductive issues in birds?
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What are some diagnostic tools for reproductive issues in birds?
What are some diagnostic tools for reproductive issues in birds?
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Flashcards
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Study Notes
Study Notes
Avian & Reptile Reproductive Issues
- Reproductive issues are common in birds and reptiles, but only a few cases are covered in the class.
- Excessive egg production is a common issue.
- Dystocia (egg binding) is a concern.
- Cloacal prolapse requires attention.
Aims & Objectives
- Understand that reproductive problems are frequent in birds and reptiles, though only a few cases will be reviewed.
- Learn to identify the sexes of common bird and reptile species.
- Recognize abnormal presentations and know how to perform diagnostic investigations.
- Know the medical treatments or surgical options.
- Consult the supplementary ELC surgery videos.
Reptile Reproductive Problems (Female)
- Excessive egg production
- Cloacal prolapse
- Dystocia (egg binding)
- Ova/egg-related coelomitis
- Oophoritis, cystic ovary
- Ectopic eggs or non-septic coelomitis
- Salpingitis, metritus
- Oviductal impaction
- Oviductal cystic hyperplasia
- Failure to reproduce
Reptile Reproductive Problems (Male)
- Cloacal prolapse
- Behavioral anomalies (feather picking, self-mutilation)
- Neoplasia
- Failure to reproduce
- Orchitis
Reptile Clinical History
- Often seen in spring or summer, though it can occur at other times.
- Previous copulation may be relevant but not always necessary.
- Digging or restlessness could be indications
- Look for eggs in the enclosure.
- Observe if the reptile has enlarged girth.
- Be aware of anorexia and lethargy.
Reptile Physical Examination
- Accurate determination of sex and age (juvenile, adult, or geriatric) is important.
- Differential diagnoses based on examination findings.
- Suggest veterinary referral if sex or age assessment is unfeasible.
Reptile Male Examination
- Prolapse is a common issue, often related to tenesmus or trauma.
- Examine the phallus, hemipenes, cloaca, and colon.
- Differentiate these from other possible abnormalities.
- Be mindful of hemipenal enlargement (abscess).
- Look out for enlargement of the coelom, testicular masses, abscesses, or neoplasms.
Reptile Female Examination
- Coelomic enlargement is common.
- Identify enlarged ovaries or retained eggs.
- Differentiate normal from abnormal conditions
- Prolapse is also frequent and associated with a coelomic mass effect.
- Observe the oviduct, cloaca, colon, and bladder.
Decision Making (Female Reptiles)
- Decide if the issue is normal or abnormal.
- Husbandry improvements might suffice if the animal is healthy with eggs.
- Consider basking areas, nesting areas, quiet/isolated enclosures, and appropriate nutrition (e.g., calcium supplementation).
Diagnostic Evaluation
- Evaluate husbandry and nutrition.
- Check if reproductive issues or infections are suspected.
- Utilize hematology and biochemistry tests.
- Implement diagnostic imaging (e.g., radiography, ultrasonography).
- Identify post-ovulatory egg stasis (dystocia)
- Look out for pre-ovulatory follicular stasis.
- Investigate potential neoplasms or hemipenal swellings.
Blood Collection
- Perform venipuncture (jugular, caudal/coccygeal, cardiac).
- Utilize appropriate anticoagulants (e.g., heparin for chelonians, EDTA for squamates).
- Conduct necessary hematology (including analysis of leukocytes, heterophils, monocytes, and azurophilia) and biochemistry tests (assessing iCa, TCa, P, TP, Chol, and Trigs).
Radiography (Lizards, Snakes, Chelonians)
- Examine post-ovulatory egg stasis (eggs within oviducts or shell glands).
- Identify pre-ovulatory follicular stasis (unshelled ova in enlarged ovaries).
- In chelonians, identify obviously calcified eggs in the oviduct, bladder, or coelom (which is most common), or pre-ovulatory follicular stasis (which is harder to determine via plain radiography).
Ultrasonography
- Assist in distinguishing soft tissues, and assess egg/fetal development.
- Distinguish healthy from degenerating eggs.
- Identify and stage egg or fetal development.
- Differentiate between live and dead fetuses.
Medical Therapy
- Provide suitable environment, nutrition, and fluid support.
- Check calcium and phosphorus levels, as they should not be routinely administered intravenously.
- Check for egg laying inducers and avoid them if obstructions are suspected.
- Employ appropriate medications for specific conditions.
Bird Reproductive Issues (Excessive Egg Production)
- Chronic egg laying is common in cockatiels.
- A high-quality diet, long photoperiods, and mate interaction are common contributing factors.
- Recognize overly affectionate owners.
Bird Physical Examination (Excessive Egg Production)
- Note poor body condition and a debilitated appearance.
- Check for a soft, doughy feeling in the coelom and potentially present eggs.
Bird Diagnostic Imaging
- Utilize radiography.
- Look out for possible shell eggs.
- Check for hyperostosis.
- Observe if osteoporosis is present.
- Observe increased density in the reproductive tract's coelom region.
Bird Hematology
- Investigate leukocytosis or monocytosis, potential indicators of infection or inflammation.
- Check for anemia of chronic disease.
- Assess for abnormalities in biochemistry (e.g., hyper- or hypocalcemia, hypercholesterolemia).
- Observe for hyperglobulinemia or hypo/hyperalbuminemia.
- Monitor AST and CPK levels.
Bird Treatment (Excessive Egg Production)
- Adjust husbandry and nutrition.
- Control photoperiods to about 8 hours.
- Reformulate feed from seeds to a diet containing formulated ingredients.
- Reduce exposure to mates or owners.
- Remove favorite toys and nest sites.
- Rotate cage furniture and cage locations.
- Avoid removing laid eggs.
Bird Treatment: Medical Control
- Employ hormones like suplorelin (deslorelin) in dosages of 4.7 or 9.4 mg implants to decrease luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone, thereby reducing egg production.
- Repeat the procedure seasonally (e.g., February or March in Georgia).
Bird Surgery
- Oophorectomy is a surgical option with a high risk of hemorrhage.
- Salpingohysterectomy can be considered for birds with potentially fatal ailments or high fecundity.
- Surgery should be weighed against the risk of hemorrhage.
Bird Difficulty in Egg Laying
- Lack of nesting sites, unsuitable environment, malnutrition, metabolic disruption, or reproductive disorder are potential causes.
- Repeat egg laying history is a warning sign.
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