Reproductive Ultrasonography for Vet Students

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary use of ultrasonography in sheep veterinary practice?

Non-pregnant reproductive tract examination

Assessment of uterine cancer

Diagnosis of ovarian cysts

Pregnancy diagnosis (correct)

Which frequency range is typically used for ultrasonographic examinations in goats?

3 to 5 MHz (correct)

5 to 10 MHz

7 to 9 MHz

1 to 2 MHz

Which ultrasonography technique provides the best imaging of non-pregnant ewes' reproductive structures?

Convex trans-abdominal probe

Endoscopic probe

Linear trans-rectal probe (correct)

Linear trans-abdominal probe

What makes ultrasonography a preferred method of imaging compared to magnetic resonance imaging in veterinary practices?

It is less expensive and widely available Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a limitation of ultrasonographic imaging in sheep?

Limited use among veterinary personnel Signup and view all the answers

What limitation does trans-abdominal ultrasound carry when examining reproductive organs in small animals?

Difficult and requires extensive training Signup and view all the answers

Ultrasonographic examination can help diagnose which of the following infertility problems?

Ovarian cysts and CEH/pyometra complex Signup and view all the answers

Which imaging technique is primarily non-invasive and causes no hazard to patients?

Ultrasonography Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum sensitivity reported for pregnancy diagnosis in sheep using ultrasonography?

100% Signup and view all the answers

Which technique is recommended for examining pregnancy in ewes before day 40?

Trans-rectal technique Signup and view all the answers

What is identified as a key characteristic of a pregnant uterus in a ewe during ultrasonography?

Anechoic fluid in the uterine lumen Signup and view all the answers

What role does the trans-abdominal approach play during ultrasonography in sheep?

It is used for pregnancy diagnosis when the ewe is recumbent. Signup and view all the answers

Which factor decreases the ability to detect the number of fetuses in pregnant ewes?

Late pregnancy stage Signup and view all the answers

What equipment is used to maintain the probe during a trans-rectal examination?

An introducing rod Signup and view all the answers

What does the presence of hyperechoic particles in the fluid around the fetus usually indicate?

Fetal death Signup and view all the answers

What is a common ultrasound frequency range used during examinations for pregnancy diagnosis in sheep?

3.5 - 5 MHz Signup and view all the answers

What thickness of the uterine wall suggests the potential diagnosis of uterine torsion in lambing ewes?

More than 10 mm Signup and view all the answers

What is the common scanning frequency used in ultrasonography for examining reproductive pathologies in rams?

5 to 7.5 MHz Signup and view all the answers

Which grade of testicular echo-texture indicates the most heterogeneous condition in rams?

Grade 3 Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary diagnostic purpose of ultrasonography in rams?

Diagnosing scrotal hernia and epididymitis Signup and view all the answers

What is observed in the ultrasound image of a dead ovine embryo?

Pronounced hyper-echogenicity of the embryo Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishing feature is noted in the ultrasound image of a mummified fetus?

Absence of fetal body cavities Signup and view all the answers

What is indicated by the echo-texture of testicular parenchyma graded as zero in rams?

Most homogeneous Signup and view all the answers

During the evaluation of testicular echo-texture, scanning should be performed in which planes?

Both horizontal and vertical planes Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Practical Notes in Reproductive Ultrasonography & Reproductive Endoscopy

This document is practical notes for fifth-year veterinary students from Beni-Suef University.
The document covers topics including ultrasonographic examinations of cows and mares, reproductive tract pathology, reproductive endoscopy, and endoscopic surgery in animal reproduction and veterinary practice.
The document lists specific chapters on different topics and their respective page numbers.

Chapter (1): Ultrasonographic Examination of Non-Pregnant Cow

Cyclic ovaries include follicles and/or corpora lutea with varying degrees of echogenicity.
Ovarian follicles appear as anechoic regions, might not be round, due to transducer pressure on surrounding tissue.
Ovarian corpus luteum appears as distinctly echogenic areas within the ovarian stroma.
A central lacuna (fluid-filled cavity) may be visible within a normal corpus luteum.
A corpus luteum might be mistakenly identified as a luteal cyst; it should not be mistaken for one.
The corpus luteum (CL) can be identified on ultrasound examinations 4 days after ovulation.
The size of the CL peaks 14 days post-ovulation, then regresses.
Repeated checks of ovaries, via ultrasound, can diagnose the stage of the estrous cycle.
A sonogram of the ovary shows corpus luteum (1), follicle (2), and pelvic bone (3).
The non-pregnant uterus has various echogenic appearances dependent on the estrous cycle stage.

Chapter (2): Ultrasonographic Examination of Pregnant Cow

Early identification of non-pregnant cows improves reproductive efficiency.
Experienced veterinarians can diagnose pregnancy as early as 18 days post-insemination.
The diagnosis of pregnancy in the early stages need to be considered with caution to avoid embryonic loss.
Pregnancy can be diagnosed in cows in the 30-day stage (embryo and amniotic vesicle).
Most veterinarians can identify pregnancy effectively using transrectal ultrasonography by day 30 post-AI (artificial insemination).
Accuracy of pregnancy diagnosis improves to day 40.
Twinning can be detected by day 40 to 70 post AI via ultrasound.
Twinning is indicated by the presence of two or more corpora lutea.
Fetal sex can be determined by ultrasound by days 55-60 post-ovulation.

Chapter (3): Reproductive Tract Pathology

Ultrasound aids in diagnosing cyclic abnormalities and pathologic conditions—particularly in dairy cattle.
Cystic ovaries, a result of abnormal cyclic activity, diminish fertility.
A cystic ovary is identified as a fluid-filled structure larger than 25 mm, present in the ovary for more than 10 days without a functioning corpus luteum.
Types of cystic ovaries include follicular theca cysts and luteal theca cysts.
Endometritis is a pathologic condition that influences dairy cattle.
Clinical and subclinical cases of endometritis can occur.

Chapter (4): Ultrasonographic Examination of Non-Pregnant Mare

Ultrasound is crucial for evaluating mare suitability for breeding and artificial insemination.
Ultrasound can diagnose and manage twin pregnancies.
Ultrasound assists in investigating infertility.
Fetal health during the later stages of pregnancy can be assessed via ultrasound.

Chapter (5): Ultrasonographic Examination of Pregnant Mare

A 5 or 7.5 MHz transducer is needed for diagnosing pregnancy at days 10-12.
Early pregnancy, due to embryonic loss, may need continuous monitoring by veterinary care .
Ultrasound can be used to monitor twin pregnancies or pregnancies that had multiple ovulations.
Frequency of subsequent scans depends on factors like presence of twins, size, or embryo quality.
Conceptus (early pregnancy) is highly mobile in the uterine horn.

Chapter (6): Ultrasonographic Examination of Small Animals

Ultrasonography is a non-invasive imaging technique used in various animal species.
Ultrasonography is particularly valuable for diagnosing pregnancy or reproductive problems like uterine torsion.
Ultrasonography helps locate the ovaries and diagnose pregnancy or other conditions like uterine or ovarian cysts or tumors.
Ultrasonographic techniques, depending on the animal, use either trans-abdominal or trans-rectal methods.
Scan frequency varies between 3.5 MHz and 5 MHz.
The ultrasonographic exam assists with diagnosing pregnancy, identifying abnormalities, or evaluating fetal health

Chapter (7): Reproductive Endoscopy

Endoscopy is a minimally invasive procedure to evaluate areas within the body.
Endoscopy is used for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes.
Endoscopy can be used for urinary, genital, and respiratory tract endoscopies.
Endoscopy for diagnosis is helpful, for example, in GI-tract endoscopy (upper and lower gastrointestinal tracts), and abdominal endoscopy (laparoscopy)
Other endoscopic techniques include—vaginoscopy, bronchoscopy, and thoracoscopy

Chapter (8): Endoscopic Surgical Procedures in Animals

Minimally invasive techniques, including laparoscopy, are effective in animal surgery.
Endoscopic surgery offers advantages such as reduced pain, the potential for faster recovery and more detailed visualization during procedures.
Applications in small animal reproduction include gonadectomies (removal of ovaries in females, cryptorchidectomy (removal of undescended testicles in males), and ovariohysterectomies.

Chapter (9): Endoscopy in Small Animal Theriogenology

Endoscopy aids in various theriogenology procedures.
Veterinary practices use endoscopy in various procedures like embryo transfer or diagnosis, and for reproductive purposes.
Endoscopy in animals includes examinations like vaginoscopy, laparoscopy, and other types specific to reproductive tract examination

Chapter (10): Endoscopy in Pet Animal Theriogenology

Vaginoscopy is an endoscopic procedure used in bitches to evaluate the stage of their estrous cycle.
It helps detect causes of infertility.
It can also diagnose ectopic ureters.
During the process, the vaginal mucosa can be observed for changes in color, contour, and presence of fluid.
Procedures like vaginoscopy use various endoscopes, including rigid and flexible ones, specialized for each anatomical area.

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Description

This quiz covers ultrasonographic examination techniques for non-pregnant cows, focusing on ovarian structures and their echogenicity. Designed for fifth-year veterinary students, it emphasizes practical applications in reproductive ultrasound and endoscopy in veterinary practice.