Reproductive System Study Guide

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the reproductive system?

To regulate body temperature and maintain homeostasis

To produce hormones that regulate growth and development

To filter waste and excess fluids from the blood

To produce gametes and facilitate fertilization, and support the development of offspring (correct)

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of meiosis?

It produces four identical daughter cells (correct)

It occurs in the gonads of both males and females

It reduces the number of chromosomes in half

It is essential for genetic variation

What is the term for the fertilized egg that develops from the zygote to the end of week 8 of gestation?

Gastrula

Zygote

Embryo (correct)

Fetus

What is the function of the SRY gene in the development of reproductive organs?

It is the default system for the development of female reproductive organs Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between spermatogenesis and oogenesis?

Spermatogenesis produces four sperm cells from one spermatogonium, while oogenesis produces one mature egg and three polar bodies from one oogonium Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) in the male reproductive system?

It stimulates spermatogenesis by acting on Sertoli cells Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of luteinizing hormone (LH) in the male reproductive system?

It is involved in the formation of polar bodies Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the abnormal development of reproductive organs that do not appear typically male or female?

Intersex Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the Corpora Cavernosa in the male reproductive system?

To facilitate penile erection Signup and view all the answers

What is the pathway of sperm from the Seminiferous Tubules to the External Urethral Orifice?

Seminiferous Tubules → Epididymis → Vas Deferens → Urethra → External Urethral Orifice Signup and view all the answers

Where do sperm develop in the male reproductive system?

Seminiferous Tubules Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the Corpus Spongiosum?

To prevent the urethra from closing during erection Signup and view all the answers

What are the three main components of semen?

Sperm, seminal fluid, and nutrients Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the corpus luteum in the female reproductive system?

To produce progesterone and prepare the uterus for implantation of a fertilized egg Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone stimulates the secretory phase of the uterine cycle?

Progesterone Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the fimbriae in the female reproductive system?

To guide the egg into the fallopian tube Signup and view all the answers

Where does fertilization typically occur in the female reproductive system?

Fallopian tube Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the myometrium in the uterus?

To contract during childbirth Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the developing human from conception to the end of the eighth week?

Embryo Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone promotes the development of male secondary sexual characteristics?

Testosterone Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the epididymis in the male reproductive system?

To store and mature sperm Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the scar tissue that forms from the degenerated corpus luteum?

Corpus albicans Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the greater vestibular glands in the female reproductive system?

To secrete mucus to lubricate the vagina Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone triggers ovulation and stimulates the formation of the corpus luteum?

Luteinizing hormone Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the perimetrium in the uterus?

To provide a protective layer Signup and view all the answers

During which phase of the ovarian cycle does the corpus luteum form and secrete hormones?

Luteal phase Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the cervix in the female reproductive system?

To allow the passage of sperm and menstrual blood Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the abnormal growth of the endometrium outside the uterus?

Endometriosis Signup and view all the answers

Which structure develops from an ovarian follicle after ovulation and produces progesterone and estrogen?

Corpus luteum Signup and view all the answers

During which phase of the uterine cycle does the endometrium become ready for potential implantation of an embryo?

Secretory phase Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the glans clitoris in the female reproductive system?

To stimulate sexual arousal Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the tube that transports sperm from the epididymis to the urethra?

Vas deferens Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the bulbourethral gland in the male reproductive system?

To secrete a pre-ejaculate fluid Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the Corpus Spongiosum in the male reproductive system?

To prevent the urethra from closing during erection Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the male reproductive system facilitates penile erection?

Corpora Cavernosa Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct order of the pathway of sperm from the Seminiferous Tubules to the External Urethral Orifice?

Seminiferous Tubules → Epididymis → Vas Deferens → Ejaculatory Duct → Urethra → External Urethral Orifice Signup and view all the answers

Where does sperm maturation occur in the male reproductive system?

Epididymis Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary component of semen that provides nutrients and support to sperm?

Enzymes and nutrients Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the Epididymis in the male reproductive system?

To mature sperm Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the male reproductive system is responsible for producing seminal fluid?

Prostate gland Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct pathway of sperm from the Seminiferous Tubules to the Ejaculatory Duct?

Seminiferous Tubules → Epididymis → Vas Deferens → Ejaculatory Duct Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary site of sperm development in the male reproductive system?

Seminiferous Tubules Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the Vas Deferens in the male reproductive system?

To transport sperm from the Epididymis to the Ejaculatory Duct Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of the reduction of chromosomes in gamete production?

To ensure genetic diversity in offspring Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is responsible for stimulating the growth of ovarian follicles in females?

Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the process of sperm production in males?

Spermatogenesis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of both sperm and egg production?

Meiosis reduces the number of chromosomes in half Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the hypothalamus in the reproductive process?

To regulate the release of GnRH Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of the development of reproductive organs in males?

The default system is female Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the stage of development from the fertilized egg to the end of week 8 of gestation?

Embryo Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is responsible for stimulating testosterone production in males?

Luteinizing Hormone (LH) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the abnormal development of reproductive organs that do not appear typically male or female?

Intersex Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of the female reproductive system?

Labia majora is equivalent to the scrotum in males Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Reproductive System Functions

Produce gametes (sperm and eggs), facilitate fertilization, and support the development of offspring.
Pass genetic material from one generation to the next.

Male and Female Reproductive Systems

Male: Gonad - Testis; Gamete - Sperm
Female: Gonad - Ovary; Gamete - Egg (ovum)
Both produce gametes through meiosis, reducing the number of chromosomes by half.

Gamete Development

Spermatogenesis: The process of sperm production in males.
- Produces four sperm cells from one spermatogonium.
- Takes place in the testes.
Oogenesis: The process of egg production in females.
- Produces one mature egg and three polar bodies from one oogonium.
- Takes place in the ovaries.

Hormones Involved in Reproductive Processes

Hypothalamus produces GnRH, which stimulates the pituitary gland to produce LH and FSH.
LH and FSH stimulate the gonads to produce testosterone and estrogen in males and females, respectively.
Androgens and estrogens promote the development of male and female secondary sexual characteristics.
Anatomical structures: Labia majora and minora, scrotum, and penis.

Female Reproductive Structures

Oviduct/Fallopian Tube: Transports eggs from the ovaries to the uterus; site of fertilization.
Fimbriae: Finger-like projections that help guide the egg into the fallopian tube.
Body of Uterus: Main part of the uterus where implantation and fetal development occur.
Cervix: Lower part of the uterus that opens into the vagina; allows the passage of sperm and menstrual blood.
Fundus of Uterus: Upper part of the uterus.
Greater Vestibular Glands: Secrete mucus to lubricate the vagina.
Vagina: Birth canal and receptacle for the penis during intercourse.
Glans Clitoris: Sensitive erectile tissue for sexual arousal.

Vulva and Uterine Wall

Vulva: The whole vagina, including external genitalia.
Layers of the uterine wall:
- Endometrium: Inner lining that thickens in preparation for implantation and sheds during menstruation.
- Myometrium: Smooth muscular middle layer that contracts during childbirth.
- Perimetrium: Outer protective layer.

Corpus Luteum and Ovarian Cycle

Corpus Luteum: A hormone-secreting structure that develops from an ovarian follicle after ovulation.
- Produces progesterone and estrogen to support early pregnancy.
Ovarian Cycle:
- Follicular Phase: Development of follicles; lasts about 14 days.
- Ovulation: Release of the egg from the ovary; occurs around day 14.
- Luteal Phase: Corpus luteum forms and secretes hormones; lasts about 14 days.

Uterine Cycle

Menstrual Phase: Shedding of the endometrial lining.
Proliferative Phase: Regrowth of the endometrium.
Secretory Phase: Endometrium becomes ready for potential implantation of an embryo.

Stages of the Uterine Cycle and Hormones

Proliferative Phase: Stimulated by estrogen.
Secretory Phase: Stimulated by progesterone.
Follicular Phase → Proliferative Phase
Luteal Phase → Secretory Phase

Fertilization and Implantation

Fertilization: Takes place in the fallopian tube.
Implantation: Zygote implants in the uterus.

Zygote, Embryo, and Fetus

Zygote: The fertilized egg cell.
Embryo: The developing human from conception to the end of the eighth week.
Fetus: The developing human from the ninth week of pregnancy until birth.

Cervical and Breast Cancer Detection

Cervical Cancer: Pap smear test.
Breast Cancer: Mammogram.

Male Reproductive Structures

Testis: Produces sperm and testosterone.
Prostate Gland: Secretes fluid that nourishes and protects sperm.
Bulbourethral Gland: Secretes a pre-ejaculate fluid that lubricates the urethra.
Seminal Vesicle: Produces seminal fluid that nourishes sperm.
Epididymis: Stores and matures sperm.
Vas Deferens/Ductus Deferens: Transports sperm from the epididymis to the urethra.
Ejaculatory Duct: Passage for semen during ejaculation.
Urethra: Conduit for urine and semen.
Scrotum: Regulates the temperature of the testes.
Penis: Delivers sperm into the female reproductive tract.
Glans Penis: Sensitive tip of the penis.
Spermatic Cord: Contains vas deferens, blood vessels, and nerves.
Corpus Spongiosum: Prevents the urethra from closing during erection.
Corpora Cavernosa: Facilitates penile erection.

Sperm Pathway

Seminiferous Tubules → Epididymis → Vas Deferens → Ejaculatory Duct → Urethra → External Urethral Orifice

Sperm Development and Maturation

Seminiferous Tubules: Where sperm develop.
Epididymis: Where sperm mature.

Semen Components

Sperm: Male gametes.
Seminal Fluid: Fluid from seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and bulbourethral glands.
Enzymes and Nutrients: Support and nourish sperm, facilitate their movement, and aid fertilization.

Functions of the Reproductive System

Produce gametes (sperm and eggs), facilitate fertilization, and support the development of offspring.
Pass genetic material from one generation to the next.

Male and Female Reproductive Systems

Male: Gonad - Testis; Gamete - Sperm
Female: Gonad - Ovary; Gamete - Egg (ovum)
Both produce gametes through meiosis, reducing the number of chromosomes in half.

Gamete Development

Spermatogenesis: produces four sperm cells from one spermatogonium in the testes.
Oogenesis: produces one mature egg and three polar bodies from one oogonium in the ovaries.

Sex Determination

External genitals: identify male or female sex.
Chromosomes: XX (female) or XY (male)
Secondary sexual characteristics: influenced by hormones
Internal anatomy: reproductive organs differ between males and females
Intersex: abnormal development that does not conform to male or female characteristics

Hormones in Reproductive Processes

Hypothalamus: regulates reproductive hormones
GNRH: stimulates pituitary gland to release hormones
Pituitary: releases LH and FSH hormones
Gonads: produce sex hormones (testosterone and estrogen)
Androgens and estrogens: regulate secondary sexual characteristics
Anatomical structures: develop and maintain reproductive organs

Female Reproductive Structures

Oviduct/Fallopian tube: transports eggs from ovaries to uterus; site of fertilization.
Fimbriae: guide eggs into the fallopian tube.
Body of uterus: implantation and fetal development occur.
Cervix: lower part of the uterus, allows sperm and menstrual blood passage.
Fundus of uterus: upper part of the uterus.
Greater vestibular glands: secrete mucus to lubricate the vagina.
Vagina: birth canal and receptacle for the penis during intercourse.
Glans clitoris: sensitive erectile tissue for sexual arousal.

Female Reproductive Cycles

Ovarian cycle: consists of follicular, ovulation, and luteal phases.
Uterine cycle: consists of menstrual, proliferative, and secretory phases.
Hormones stimulate proliferative and secretory phases of the uterine cycle.

Fertilization and Implantation

Fertilization occurs in the fallopian tube.
Zygote implants in the uterus.

Zygote, Embryo, and Fetus

Zygote: the fertilized egg cell.
Embryo: the developing human from conception to the end of the eighth week.
Fetus: the developing human from the ninth week of pregnancy until birth.

Cancer Detection

Cervical cancer: detected through Pap smear test.
Breast cancer: detected through mammogram.

Male Reproductive Structures

Testis: produces sperm and testosterone.
Prostate gland: secretes fluid that nourishes and protects sperm.
Bulbourethral gland: secretes a pre-ejaculate fluid that lubricates the urethra.
Seminal vesicle: produces seminal fluid that nourishes sperm.
Epididymis: stores and matures sperm.
Vas deferens/Ductus deferens: transports sperm from the epididymis to the urethra.
Ejaculatory duct: passage for semen during ejaculation.
Urethra: conduit for urine and semen.
Scrotum: regulates the temperature of the testes.
Penis: delivers sperm into the female reproductive tract.
Glans penis: sensitive tip of the penis.
Spermatic cord: contains vas deferens, blood vessels, and nerves.
Corpus spongiosum: prevents the urethra from closing during erection.
Corpora cavernosa: facilitates penile erection.

Sperm Development and Maturation

Seminiferous tubules: where sperm develop.
Epididymis: where sperm mature.
Components of semen: sperm, seminal fluid, enzymes, and nutrients.

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Description

This quiz covers the primary functions of the reproductive system, including gamete production and fertilization, as well as the names and roles of gonads and gametes in both male and female reproductive systems.