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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of the reproductive system?
What is the primary function of the reproductive system?
- To regulate body temperature and maintain homeostasis
- To produce hormones that regulate growth and development
- To filter waste and excess fluids from the blood
- To produce gametes and facilitate fertilization, and support the development of offspring (correct)
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of meiosis?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of meiosis?
- It produces four identical daughter cells (correct)
- It occurs in the gonads of both males and females
- It reduces the number of chromosomes in half
- It is essential for genetic variation
What is the term for the fertilized egg that develops from the zygote to the end of week 8 of gestation?
What is the term for the fertilized egg that develops from the zygote to the end of week 8 of gestation?
- Gastrula
- Zygote
- Embryo (correct)
- Fetus
What is the function of the SRY gene in the development of reproductive organs?
What is the function of the SRY gene in the development of reproductive organs?
What is the difference between spermatogenesis and oogenesis?
What is the difference between spermatogenesis and oogenesis?
What is the function of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) in the male reproductive system?
What is the function of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) in the male reproductive system?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of luteinizing hormone (LH) in the male reproductive system?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of luteinizing hormone (LH) in the male reproductive system?
What is the term for the abnormal development of reproductive organs that do not appear typically male or female?
What is the term for the abnormal development of reproductive organs that do not appear typically male or female?
What is the primary function of the Corpora Cavernosa in the male reproductive system?
What is the primary function of the Corpora Cavernosa in the male reproductive system?
What is the pathway of sperm from the Seminiferous Tubules to the External Urethral Orifice?
What is the pathway of sperm from the Seminiferous Tubules to the External Urethral Orifice?
Where do sperm develop in the male reproductive system?
Where do sperm develop in the male reproductive system?
What is the primary function of the Corpus Spongiosum?
What is the primary function of the Corpus Spongiosum?
What are the three main components of semen?
What are the three main components of semen?
What is the function of the corpus luteum in the female reproductive system?
What is the function of the corpus luteum in the female reproductive system?
Which hormone stimulates the secretory phase of the uterine cycle?
Which hormone stimulates the secretory phase of the uterine cycle?
What is the function of the fimbriae in the female reproductive system?
What is the function of the fimbriae in the female reproductive system?
Where does fertilization typically occur in the female reproductive system?
Where does fertilization typically occur in the female reproductive system?
What is the function of the myometrium in the uterus?
What is the function of the myometrium in the uterus?
What is the term for the developing human from conception to the end of the eighth week?
What is the term for the developing human from conception to the end of the eighth week?
Which hormone promotes the development of male secondary sexual characteristics?
Which hormone promotes the development of male secondary sexual characteristics?
What is the function of the epididymis in the male reproductive system?
What is the function of the epididymis in the male reproductive system?
What is the term for the scar tissue that forms from the degenerated corpus luteum?
What is the term for the scar tissue that forms from the degenerated corpus luteum?
What is the function of the greater vestibular glands in the female reproductive system?
What is the function of the greater vestibular glands in the female reproductive system?
Which hormone triggers ovulation and stimulates the formation of the corpus luteum?
Which hormone triggers ovulation and stimulates the formation of the corpus luteum?
What is the primary function of the perimetrium in the uterus?
What is the primary function of the perimetrium in the uterus?
During which phase of the ovarian cycle does the corpus luteum form and secrete hormones?
During which phase of the ovarian cycle does the corpus luteum form and secrete hormones?
What is the function of the cervix in the female reproductive system?
What is the function of the cervix in the female reproductive system?
What is the term for the abnormal growth of the endometrium outside the uterus?
What is the term for the abnormal growth of the endometrium outside the uterus?
Which structure develops from an ovarian follicle after ovulation and produces progesterone and estrogen?
Which structure develops from an ovarian follicle after ovulation and produces progesterone and estrogen?
During which phase of the uterine cycle does the endometrium become ready for potential implantation of an embryo?
During which phase of the uterine cycle does the endometrium become ready for potential implantation of an embryo?
What is the function of the glans clitoris in the female reproductive system?
What is the function of the glans clitoris in the female reproductive system?
What is the term for the tube that transports sperm from the epididymis to the urethra?
What is the term for the tube that transports sperm from the epididymis to the urethra?
What is the function of the bulbourethral gland in the male reproductive system?
What is the function of the bulbourethral gland in the male reproductive system?
What is the primary function of the Corpus Spongiosum in the male reproductive system?
What is the primary function of the Corpus Spongiosum in the male reproductive system?
Which part of the male reproductive system facilitates penile erection?
Which part of the male reproductive system facilitates penile erection?
What is the correct order of the pathway of sperm from the Seminiferous Tubules to the External Urethral Orifice?
What is the correct order of the pathway of sperm from the Seminiferous Tubules to the External Urethral Orifice?
Where does sperm maturation occur in the male reproductive system?
Where does sperm maturation occur in the male reproductive system?
What is the primary component of semen that provides nutrients and support to sperm?
What is the primary component of semen that provides nutrients and support to sperm?
What is the primary function of the Epididymis in the male reproductive system?
What is the primary function of the Epididymis in the male reproductive system?
Which part of the male reproductive system is responsible for producing seminal fluid?
Which part of the male reproductive system is responsible for producing seminal fluid?
What is the correct pathway of sperm from the Seminiferous Tubules to the Ejaculatory Duct?
What is the correct pathway of sperm from the Seminiferous Tubules to the Ejaculatory Duct?
What is the primary site of sperm development in the male reproductive system?
What is the primary site of sperm development in the male reproductive system?
What is the primary function of the Vas Deferens in the male reproductive system?
What is the primary function of the Vas Deferens in the male reproductive system?
What is the main purpose of the reduction of chromosomes in gamete production?
What is the main purpose of the reduction of chromosomes in gamete production?
Which hormone is responsible for stimulating the growth of ovarian follicles in females?
Which hormone is responsible for stimulating the growth of ovarian follicles in females?
What is the term for the process of sperm production in males?
What is the term for the process of sperm production in males?
Which of the following is a characteristic of both sperm and egg production?
Which of the following is a characteristic of both sperm and egg production?
What is the primary function of the hypothalamus in the reproductive process?
What is the primary function of the hypothalamus in the reproductive process?
Which of the following is a characteristic of the development of reproductive organs in males?
Which of the following is a characteristic of the development of reproductive organs in males?
What is the term for the stage of development from the fertilized egg to the end of week 8 of gestation?
What is the term for the stage of development from the fertilized egg to the end of week 8 of gestation?
Which hormone is responsible for stimulating testosterone production in males?
Which hormone is responsible for stimulating testosterone production in males?
What is the term for the abnormal development of reproductive organs that do not appear typically male or female?
What is the term for the abnormal development of reproductive organs that do not appear typically male or female?
Which of the following is a characteristic of the female reproductive system?
Which of the following is a characteristic of the female reproductive system?
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Study Notes
Reproductive System Functions
- Produce gametes (sperm and eggs), facilitate fertilization, and support the development of offspring.
- Pass genetic material from one generation to the next.
Male and Female Reproductive Systems
- Male: Gonad - Testis; Gamete - Sperm
- Female: Gonad - Ovary; Gamete - Egg (ovum)
- Both produce gametes through meiosis, reducing the number of chromosomes by half.
Gamete Development
- Spermatogenesis: The process of sperm production in males.
- Produces four sperm cells from one spermatogonium.
- Takes place in the testes.
- Oogenesis: The process of egg production in females.
- Produces one mature egg and three polar bodies from one oogonium.
- Takes place in the ovaries.
Hormones Involved in Reproductive Processes
- Hypothalamus produces GnRH, which stimulates the pituitary gland to produce LH and FSH.
- LH and FSH stimulate the gonads to produce testosterone and estrogen in males and females, respectively.
- Androgens and estrogens promote the development of male and female secondary sexual characteristics.
- Anatomical structures: Labia majora and minora, scrotum, and penis.
Female Reproductive Structures
- Oviduct/Fallopian Tube: Transports eggs from the ovaries to the uterus; site of fertilization.
- Fimbriae: Finger-like projections that help guide the egg into the fallopian tube.
- Body of Uterus: Main part of the uterus where implantation and fetal development occur.
- Cervix: Lower part of the uterus that opens into the vagina; allows the passage of sperm and menstrual blood.
- Fundus of Uterus: Upper part of the uterus.
- Greater Vestibular Glands: Secrete mucus to lubricate the vagina.
- Vagina: Birth canal and receptacle for the penis during intercourse.
- Glans Clitoris: Sensitive erectile tissue for sexual arousal.
Vulva and Uterine Wall
- Vulva: The whole vagina, including external genitalia.
- Layers of the uterine wall:
- Endometrium: Inner lining that thickens in preparation for implantation and sheds during menstruation.
- Myometrium: Smooth muscular middle layer that contracts during childbirth.
- Perimetrium: Outer protective layer.
Corpus Luteum and Ovarian Cycle
- Corpus Luteum: A hormone-secreting structure that develops from an ovarian follicle after ovulation.
- Produces progesterone and estrogen to support early pregnancy.
- Ovarian Cycle:
- Follicular Phase: Development of follicles; lasts about 14 days.
- Ovulation: Release of the egg from the ovary; occurs around day 14.
- Luteal Phase: Corpus luteum forms and secretes hormones; lasts about 14 days.
Uterine Cycle
- Menstrual Phase: Shedding of the endometrial lining.
- Proliferative Phase: Regrowth of the endometrium.
- Secretory Phase: Endometrium becomes ready for potential implantation of an embryo.
Stages of the Uterine Cycle and Hormones
- Proliferative Phase: Stimulated by estrogen.
- Secretory Phase: Stimulated by progesterone.
- Follicular Phase → Proliferative Phase
- Luteal Phase → Secretory Phase
Fertilization and Implantation
- Fertilization: Takes place in the fallopian tube.
- Implantation: Zygote implants in the uterus.
Zygote, Embryo, and Fetus
- Zygote: The fertilized egg cell.
- Embryo: The developing human from conception to the end of the eighth week.
- Fetus: The developing human from the ninth week of pregnancy until birth.
Cervical and Breast Cancer Detection
- Cervical Cancer: Pap smear test.
- Breast Cancer: Mammogram.
Male Reproductive Structures
- Testis: Produces sperm and testosterone.
- Prostate Gland: Secretes fluid that nourishes and protects sperm.
- Bulbourethral Gland: Secretes a pre-ejaculate fluid that lubricates the urethra.
- Seminal Vesicle: Produces seminal fluid that nourishes sperm.
- Epididymis: Stores and matures sperm.
- Vas Deferens/Ductus Deferens: Transports sperm from the epididymis to the urethra.
- Ejaculatory Duct: Passage for semen during ejaculation.
- Urethra: Conduit for urine and semen.
- Scrotum: Regulates the temperature of the testes.
- Penis: Delivers sperm into the female reproductive tract.
- Glans Penis: Sensitive tip of the penis.
- Spermatic Cord: Contains vas deferens, blood vessels, and nerves.
- Corpus Spongiosum: Prevents the urethra from closing during erection.
- Corpora Cavernosa: Facilitates penile erection.
Sperm Pathway
- Seminiferous Tubules → Epididymis → Vas Deferens → Ejaculatory Duct → Urethra → External Urethral Orifice
Sperm Development and Maturation
- Seminiferous Tubules: Where sperm develop.
- Epididymis: Where sperm mature.
Semen Components
- Sperm: Male gametes.
- Seminal Fluid: Fluid from seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and bulbourethral glands.
- Enzymes and Nutrients: Support and nourish sperm, facilitate their movement, and aid fertilization.
Functions of the Reproductive System
- Produce gametes (sperm and eggs), facilitate fertilization, and support the development of offspring.
- Pass genetic material from one generation to the next.
Male and Female Reproductive Systems
- Male: Gonad - Testis; Gamete - Sperm
- Female: Gonad - Ovary; Gamete - Egg (ovum)
- Both produce gametes through meiosis, reducing the number of chromosomes in half.
Gamete Development
- Spermatogenesis: produces four sperm cells from one spermatogonium in the testes.
- Oogenesis: produces one mature egg and three polar bodies from one oogonium in the ovaries.
Sex Determination
- External genitals: identify male or female sex.
- Chromosomes: XX (female) or XY (male)
- Secondary sexual characteristics: influenced by hormones
- Internal anatomy: reproductive organs differ between males and females
- Intersex: abnormal development that does not conform to male or female characteristics
Hormones in Reproductive Processes
- Hypothalamus: regulates reproductive hormones
- GNRH: stimulates pituitary gland to release hormones
- Pituitary: releases LH and FSH hormones
- Gonads: produce sex hormones (testosterone and estrogen)
- Androgens and estrogens: regulate secondary sexual characteristics
- Anatomical structures: develop and maintain reproductive organs
Female Reproductive Structures
- Oviduct/Fallopian tube: transports eggs from ovaries to uterus; site of fertilization.
- Fimbriae: guide eggs into the fallopian tube.
- Body of uterus: implantation and fetal development occur.
- Cervix: lower part of the uterus, allows sperm and menstrual blood passage.
- Fundus of uterus: upper part of the uterus.
- Greater vestibular glands: secrete mucus to lubricate the vagina.
- Vagina: birth canal and receptacle for the penis during intercourse.
- Glans clitoris: sensitive erectile tissue for sexual arousal.
Female Reproductive Cycles
- Ovarian cycle: consists of follicular, ovulation, and luteal phases.
- Uterine cycle: consists of menstrual, proliferative, and secretory phases.
- Hormones stimulate proliferative and secretory phases of the uterine cycle.
Fertilization and Implantation
- Fertilization occurs in the fallopian tube.
- Zygote implants in the uterus.
Zygote, Embryo, and Fetus
- Zygote: the fertilized egg cell.
- Embryo: the developing human from conception to the end of the eighth week.
- Fetus: the developing human from the ninth week of pregnancy until birth.
Cancer Detection
- Cervical cancer: detected through Pap smear test.
- Breast cancer: detected through mammogram.
Male Reproductive Structures
- Testis: produces sperm and testosterone.
- Prostate gland: secretes fluid that nourishes and protects sperm.
- Bulbourethral gland: secretes a pre-ejaculate fluid that lubricates the urethra.
- Seminal vesicle: produces seminal fluid that nourishes sperm.
- Epididymis: stores and matures sperm.
- Vas deferens/Ductus deferens: transports sperm from the epididymis to the urethra.
- Ejaculatory duct: passage for semen during ejaculation.
- Urethra: conduit for urine and semen.
- Scrotum: regulates the temperature of the testes.
- Penis: delivers sperm into the female reproductive tract.
- Glans penis: sensitive tip of the penis.
- Spermatic cord: contains vas deferens, blood vessels, and nerves.
- Corpus spongiosum: prevents the urethra from closing during erection.
- Corpora cavernosa: facilitates penile erection.
Sperm Development and Maturation
- Seminiferous tubules: where sperm develop.
- Epididymis: where sperm mature.
- Components of semen: sperm, seminal fluid, enzymes, and nutrients.
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