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Questions and Answers
What is the primary hormone produced by the male gonads during gonadarche?
What is the primary hormone produced by the male gonads during gonadarche?
What is a characteristic feature of the male climacteric?
What is a characteristic feature of the male climacteric?
At what age range does adrenarche typically begin?
At what age range does adrenarche typically begin?
What happens to the ovaries during the female climacteric?
What happens to the ovaries during the female climacteric?
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Which of the following is NOT a symptom of reduced circulating testosterone levels in males?
Which of the following is NOT a symptom of reduced circulating testosterone levels in males?
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What is the primary function of the fimbriae in the infundibulum?
What is the primary function of the fimbriae in the infundibulum?
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Which region of the fallopian tubes is known as the site of fertilization?
Which region of the fallopian tubes is known as the site of fertilization?
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What is the main purpose of the two smooth muscle layers in the middle layer of the uterine tubes?
What is the main purpose of the two smooth muscle layers in the middle layer of the uterine tubes?
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How is the inner layer of the uterine tubes characterized?
How is the inner layer of the uterine tubes characterized?
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Which part of the uterus is identified as the narrow region?
Which part of the uterus is identified as the narrow region?
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What process do females undergo to produce gametes?
What process do females undergo to produce gametes?
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Which structure directly supports germ cell development within the seminiferous tubules?
Which structure directly supports germ cell development within the seminiferous tubules?
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What is the primary function of the prostate gland?
What is the primary function of the prostate gland?
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At what stage does spermatogenesis begin?
At what stage does spermatogenesis begin?
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Which part of the male reproductive tract is primarily involved in sperm maturation?
Which part of the male reproductive tract is primarily involved in sperm maturation?
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What is the main component that allows sperm to swim?
What is the main component that allows sperm to swim?
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What type of tissue is the ductus deferens primarily made of?
What type of tissue is the ductus deferens primarily made of?
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How long does it take for spermatogenesis to complete?
How long does it take for spermatogenesis to complete?
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Which gland contributes to the first fraction of ejaculate?
Which gland contributes to the first fraction of ejaculate?
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What does the term 'gametogenesis' refer to?
What does the term 'gametogenesis' refer to?
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What distinguishes sex from gender?
What distinguishes sex from gender?
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Which phase in oogenesis occurs before puberty?
Which phase in oogenesis occurs before puberty?
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Which anatomical feature separates the two testes?
Which anatomical feature separates the two testes?
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The seminal vesicles primarily contribute to which aspect of male reproduction?
The seminal vesicles primarily contribute to which aspect of male reproduction?
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What is the primary function of the corpora spongiosum during an erection?
What is the primary function of the corpora spongiosum during an erection?
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What temperature does the scrotum maintain for optimal spermatogenesis?
What temperature does the scrotum maintain for optimal spermatogenesis?
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Which cells are responsible for the conversion of androgens into estrogen during folliculogenesis?
Which cells are responsible for the conversion of androgens into estrogen during folliculogenesis?
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What happens to the corpus luteum if pregnancy does not occur?
What happens to the corpus luteum if pregnancy does not occur?
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Which structure houses the testes, epididymis, and proximal portion of the ductus deferens?
Which structure houses the testes, epididymis, and proximal portion of the ductus deferens?
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What is the position of the ovaries in relation to the uterus?
What is the position of the ovaries in relation to the uterus?
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What ensures blood enters the corpora cavernosa during sexual arousal?
What ensures blood enters the corpora cavernosa during sexual arousal?
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What feature of the tertiary follicle allows the oocyte to be isolated?
What feature of the tertiary follicle allows the oocyte to be isolated?
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How are the ovarian arteries, veins, and nerves structured in relation to the ovary?
How are the ovarian arteries, veins, and nerves structured in relation to the ovary?
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What is the main role of the mesovarium in relation to the ovaries?
What is the main role of the mesovarium in relation to the ovaries?
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During which stage does the corpus luteum secrete hormones?
During which stage does the corpus luteum secrete hormones?
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What distinguishes the median compartment of the scrotum?
What distinguishes the median compartment of the scrotum?
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What is the primary purpose of the cilia in the uterine ducts?
What is the primary purpose of the cilia in the uterine ducts?
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Which type of cells are formed from the development of thecal cells?
Which type of cells are formed from the development of thecal cells?
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What is the primary function of the cervix in the female reproductive system?
What is the primary function of the cervix in the female reproductive system?
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Which layer of the uterus is directly involved in implantation?
Which layer of the uterus is directly involved in implantation?
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What structure links the uterus to the vagina?
What structure links the uterus to the vagina?
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What is the role of the functional layer of the endometrium?
What is the role of the functional layer of the endometrium?
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What is the primary structure found in the vestibule of female external genitalia?
What is the primary structure found in the vestibule of female external genitalia?
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Which hormone initiates the release of gonadotropins from the anterior pituitary?
Which hormone initiates the release of gonadotropins from the anterior pituitary?
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During which phase do estrogen levels peak, promoting a positive feedback leading to an LH surge?
During which phase do estrogen levels peak, promoting a positive feedback leading to an LH surge?
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What is the primary function of the clitoris in the female reproductive anatomy?
What is the primary function of the clitoris in the female reproductive anatomy?
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Which hormone is primarily responsible for preparing the endometrium for implantation?
Which hormone is primarily responsible for preparing the endometrium for implantation?
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What does the basal layer of the endometrium provide during the menstrual cycle?
What does the basal layer of the endometrium provide during the menstrual cycle?
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Which of the following hormones declines if pregnancy does not occur?
Which of the following hormones declines if pregnancy does not occur?
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During what phase of the ovarian cycle does the formation of the corpus luteum take place?
During what phase of the ovarian cycle does the formation of the corpus luteum take place?
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What characterizes the myometrium layer of the uterus?
What characterizes the myometrium layer of the uterus?
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Study Notes
Reproductive System Overview
- The reproductive system is a fundamental characteristic of life, responsible for creating new individuals.
- Sex differentiates biological characteristics, defined by genotype or phenotype.
- Gender differentiates masculinity and femininity.
- Gametes are reproductive cells (sperm and egg).
Gametogenesis
- Gametogenesis is the production of gametes.
- Females produce ova (takes 300 days).
- Males produce sperm (takes 74 days).
- Gametogenesis begins around the fifth week of embryonic development.
- Primordial germ cells (PGCs) migrate to genital ridges.
- PGCs divide mitotically during migration and differentiate into gametes.
Spermatogenesis
- Spermatogenesis occurs from puberty onward.
- Stem cells undergo mitosis to maintain stem cells and type B spermatogonia.
- Type B spermatogonia undergo further mitosis to double germ cells entering the next step.
- There are meiotic divisions followed by organelle and cytoplasm modifications which leads to the formation of spermatozoa.
- The spermatogenic cycle approximately takes 74 days.
- The entire testis produces millions of spermatogonia.
Spermatozoon Anatomy
- Spermatozoa are the only self-propelled swimming cells in the human body.
- They consist of a head, mid-piece, and tail.
- The head includes the nucleus and acrosome.
- The mid-piece contains mitochondria for energy.
- The tail contains microtubules for movement.
Oogenesis
- Oogenesis begins during embryogenesis and continues at puberty.
- Oogenesis produces an ovum.
- It starts with oogonia during embryonic development resulting in a population of about ~7 million cells.
- Most of the oogonia undergo atresia (destruction).
- About 600,000 remain at puberty and only about 400 will be ovulated throughout a woman's reproductive life.
- The oocyte undergoes two meiotic divisions with incomplete cytokinesis.
- Secondary meiotic division occurs with a male gamete present for fertilization.
- First meiotic division(MI) creates a primary oocyte, and the second meiotic division (MII) creates the secondary oocyte. These processes produce haploid nuclei with very little cytoplasm.
Male Reproductive Tract
- The male reproductive tract includes the testes, accessory glands, and ducts.
- The testes are paired ovoid gonads housed in the scrotum. They divide into 200-300 distinct tubules.
- The tunica albuginea surrounds the testes.
- Seminiferous tubules are formed by interconnected Sertoli cells.
- Sertoli cells direct germ cell development, scavenge cell debris, and produce seminiferous fluid.
- Sertoli cells also produce inhibin, FSH-responsive, and androgen-binding protein (ABP).
- Developing germ cells travel from spermatogonia through different stages (primary and secondary spermatocytes, spermatids) to reach spermatozoa in the lumen.
- Epididymis is a coiled tubule where sperm maturation occurs.
- Ductus deferens is a continuation of the epididymis.
- Ejaculatory duct joins ducts deferens and urethra
- Urethra is a tube that serves both urinary and reproductive functions.
- Accessory glands (seminal vesicles, prostate, and bulbourethral glands) produce seminal fluid which mixes with sperm.
Male Accessory Glands
- Seminal vesicles produce secretions rich in nutrients that provide energy and motility for the sperm.
- The prostate gland secretes a fluid that aids in sperm motility and viability.
- The bulbourethral glands produce a pre-ejaculate fluid that lubricates the urethra and neutralizes any residual urine.
Male External Genitalia
- The penis is the male external genitalia responsible for sexual intercourse.
- The penis is composed of the root, body, and glans. The body contains corpora cavernosa and corpora spongiosum containing penile urethra.
- The glans is the cone-shaped end of the penis
- The scrotum is a pouch of skin that encloses the testes. It helps regulate testicular temperature.
Female Reproductive Tract
- Ovaries are paired organs that produce ova and sex hormones. Ovaries are anchored to the uterus by the mesovarium.
- Female reproductive tract consists of the ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina, external genitalia.
- Ovarian follicles develop oocytes.
- A developing follicle forms the primary, secondary, and tertiary follicle, and ovulation occurs once the egg is released in a mature follicle.
- Corpus luteum (formed from granulosa and thecal cells) is formed after ovulation.
- If no pregnancy occurs, the corpus luteum regresses to form the corpus albicans.
- Uterine tubes (fallopian tubes) are the tubes that connect the ovaries to the uterus where fertilization occurs. The uterine tubes have an infundibulum, ampulla, isthmus and intramural segment.
Female External Genitalia
- The vulva is the collective term for female external genitalia.
- It includes the mons pubis, labia majora, labia minora, vestibule, vaginal orifice and clitoris.
- The clitoris is an erectile body homologous to the male penis, containing corpus cavernosa.
- The vestibule is the region between the labia minora containing the openings of the urethra and vagina.
Hormonal Regulation
- Gametogenesis is regulated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis.
- GnRH from the hypothalamus stimulates the anterior pituitary to release LH and FSH, which stimulate gamete and steroid production in the gonads.
- Steroid hormones (estrogen, progesterone, testosterone) regulate the menstrual cycle and other reproductive functions.
Menstrual Cycle
- The menstrual cycle is a monthly series of changes in the female reproductive system.
- It involves two intertwined cycles: the ovarian cycle, concerned with follicle development, and the uterine cycle, concerned with changes to the endometrium.
- The ovarian cycle has a follicular phase (follicle growth), ovulation (release of the egg), and a luteal phase (corpus luteum formation and regrowth of uterine lining).
- The uterine cycle has 3 phases: menstrual, proliferative, and secretory. These reflect cyclic changes to the lining of the uterus.
Puberty
- Puberty is the period of sexual maturation that marks the transition from childhood to adulthood.
- During puberty, there's an increase in the production of sex hormones (testosterone in males and estrogen and progesterone in females). This results in the development of secondary sexual characteristics and the initiation of gametogenesis.
Reproductive System Aging
- Reproductive abilities decline with age.
- Climacteric in females is associated with a drop in estrogen leading to menopause.
- Menopause is characterized by the loss of ovarian follicles and the cessation of menstruation.
- Similar effects occur in males as testosterone production decreases which leads to andropause. Various changes also occur in the male reproductive system such as decreased sperm count, reduced libido and erectile dysfunction.
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Description
Explore the essential concepts of the reproductive system in this quiz. Learn about gametogenesis, spermatogenesis, and the differences between biological sex and gender. This quiz covers the development of reproductive cells and their significance in creating new life.
