Gametogenesis and Spermatogenesis Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary role of mitochondria in sperm structure?

  • To protect genetic material from damage
  • To facilitate the fertilization process
  • To generate energy for motility (correct)
  • To provide structural support for the flagellum

    • Which part of the sperm contains the nucleus and acrosome?

  • Intermediary piece
  • Flagellum
  • Neck
  • Head (correct)

    • Which of the following structures is associated with the protective layers surrounding the testis?

  • Tunica albuginea (correct)
  • Sertoli cells
  • Leydig cells
  • Seminiferous tubules

    • What process is essential for successful reproduction and involves cellular and molecular activities?

    <p>Gametogenesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component connects the sperm’s neck to its flagellum?

    <p>Intermediate piece</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Disruptions in gametogenesis can lead to what consequence?

    <p>Infertility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the acrosome in sperm?

    <p>Penetration of the egg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The tunica vaginalis consists of which layers?

    <p>Parietal and visceral</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the primary functions of Sertoli cells in the male reproductive system?

    <p>Secreting androgen-binding protein to regulate testosterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is NOT involved in the transport of spermatozoa during reproduction?

    <p>Prostate gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do Leydig cells have in male physiology?

    <p>Producing testosterone that influences sexual characteristics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process is carried out by Sertoli cells to aid sperm development?

    <p>Phagocytosing sperm cytoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a role of Sertoli cells?

    <p>Producing sperm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What anatomical feature is a part of spermatozoa?

    <p>Flagellum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of testosterone in males?

    <p>Promoting secondary sexual characteristics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes a function of Sertoli cells?

    <p>Providing structural support for spermatogenesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of the cortical reaction during fertilization?

    <p>Exocytosis of cortical granules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant cellular event occurs in the secondary oocyte upon sperm penetration?

    <p>Production of the second polar body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase marks the transition to a tertiary or Graafian follicle?

    <p>Differentiation of theca interna and externa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure surrounds the mature oocyte in the tertiary follicle?

    <p>Cumulus oophorus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs in the antrum during follicular development?

    <p>Fusion of spaces in the granulosa layer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of cortical granules in the reproductive process?

    <p>They prevent polyspermy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is polyspermy prevented after the initial sperm enters the oocyte?

    <p>Through cortical reaction leading to alteration of zona pellucida</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs in female gametogenesis after fertilization?

    <p>Formation of the second polar body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process describes the transformation of spermatids into mature spermatozoa?

    <p>Spermiogenesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during the condensation of the nucleus in sperm development?

    <p>DNA becomes densely packed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure develops as part of the transformation of spermatids?

    <p>Acrosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following does NOT occur during spermiogenesis?

    <p>Increased cell volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the acrosome in spermatozoa?

    <p>Aiding in fertilization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cellular changes occur during the transformation of spermatids into mature spermatozoa?

    <p>Nucleus condensation and acrosome development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which phase of spermatogenesis does the acrosome develop?

    <p>Spermatid phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of nucleus condensation in sperm maturation?

    <p>Facilitates transportation and protection of genetic material</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the corpus luteum during pregnancy?

    <p>To produce progesterone and oestrogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What chromosome composition does a zygote possess?

    <p>44 autosomes and 2 sex chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is formed from granulosa cells and the internal theca?

    <p>Corpus luteum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long does the corpus luteum persist during pregnancy?

    <p>3 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the corpus luteum after its functional period during pregnancy?

    <p>It degenerates into the corpus albicans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the resultant structure after the degeneration of the corpus luteum?

    <p>Corpus albicans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the placenta play in relation to the corpus luteum?

    <p>It completely replaces the corpus luteum in hormone secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary type of chromosomes found in a zygote?

    <p>Diploid chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during the formation of pronuclei in relation to the oocyte nucleus?

    <p>Both pronuclei migrate toward the cell center.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the dominant follicle right before ovulation?

    <p>It ruptures to release the secondary oocyte.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the spindle apparatus during chromosome alignment?

    <p>It aligns chromosomes on the equatorial plane.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs to the pronuclei membranes during the chromosomal alignment process?

    <p>They disintegrate allowing chromosomal interaction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of karyogamy during fertilization?

    <p>The fusion of the two pronuclei.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What typically happens to the corpus luteum if there is no pregnancy?

    <p>It degenerates and forms a scar tissue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What surrounds the secondary oocyte after ovulation?

    <p>The corona radiata.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the physiological consequence of a ruptured follicle?

    <p>It leads to the formation of the haemorrhagic body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes the dominant follicle from other developing follicles?

    <p>It is the only follicle that can rupture during the cycle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes non-pregnancy outcomes concerning the corpus luteum?

    <p>It typically degenerates and stops hormonal secretion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Gametogenesis

    • Gametogenesis is the process of creating gametes (sperm and egg cells).
    • It's crucial for reproduction and involves precise cellular and molecular processes.
    • Disruptions can lead to infertility or be targets for contraceptives.

    Spermatogenesis

    • Occurs in the seminiferous tubules of the testis.
    • Begins during the sixth week of embryonic development but is inactive until puberty.
    • Initiates at puberty, lasting approximately 74 days.
    • Reduces chromosome number through meiosis (chromatic reduction).
    • Produces haploid spermatozoa for fertilization.
    • Involves three phases:
      • Chromatic reduction: Condensation of DNA for sperm head.
      • Reductional division (meiosis I): Separates homologous chromosomes.
      • Equational division (meiosis II): Ensures each cell gets one copy of each chromosome.
    • Spermiogenesis (24 days): Transformation of spermatids into mature spermatozoa.
    • Key changes: Nucleus condensation, acrosome formation, flagellum development, mitochondrial accumulation in midpiece, and cytoplasmic fragment removal.
    • Sperm structure: head (nucleus and acrosome), neck, intermediate piece (mitochondria), main piece, and tail (flagellum).

    Oogenesis

    • Begins in the sixth week of embryonic development.
    • Oocytes arrest in meiosis I.
    • By birth, oocytes are at an arrested stage within primordial follicles.
    • Ovarian follicles undergo development to reach maturity.
    • Only ~300-400 oocytes mature from ~200,000-400,000 present at birth due to atresia (follicle death).
    • Follicle stages: Primordial, primary (unilaminar and multilaminar), secondary, and Graafian (tertiary) follicles.
    • Graafian follicle matures and ruptures, releasing the secondary oocyte surrounded by the corona radiata. This is ovulation.
    • Oocyte is surrounded by the corona radiata and linked to granulosa by the cumulus oophorus.
    • Corpus luteum forms from the collapsed follicle (after ovulation). This structure secretes progesterone and estrogen. In non-pregnancy, the corpus luteum degenerates after ~10 days; in pregnancy, the placenta takes over hormone production.

    Fertilization

    • Occurs typically in the ampulla of the fallopian tube.
    • Sperm migration and capacitation in the female tract.
    • Sperm penetrate the corona radiata and zona pellucida using hyaluronidase and acrosin enzymes.
    • Sperm fuses with the oocyte membrane.
    • Cortical reaction prevents polyspermy.
    • Meiosis II completes in the oocyte upon sperm entry.
    • Male and female pronuclei fuse (karyogamy), restoring the diploid chromosome number of the zygote.
    • Zygote is the first cell of the new organism and the division initiates development.
    • Zygote's sex is determined by the sperm's sex chromosome (X or Y).

    Testis Structure

    • Seminiferous tubules: Site of spermatogenesis, contain germline and Sertoli cells.
    • Leydig cells: Produce testosterone.
    • Tunica albuginea and tunica vaginalis: Protective layers.
    • Blood-testis barrier: Acellular barrier for germ cells.

    Ovary Structure

    • Cortex: Contains follicles.
    • Medulla: Vascularized stroma.
    • Germinal epithelium.

    Cellular Roles

    • Sertoli cells: Support, nutrition, and phagocytosis of sperm cells.
    • Leydig cells: Produce androgens, promote spermatogenesis and secondary sexual characteristics.

    Pathway of Sperm

    • Seminiferous tubules → straight tubules → rete testis → efferent ductules → epididymis → vas deferens → urethra.

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    Gametogenesis and Fertilization Mind Map PDF

    Description

    This quiz covers the processes of gametogenesis and spermatogenesis, focusing on the creation of gametes necessary for reproduction. It explores the stages of sperm formation, including meiosis and the developmental changes that lead to mature spermatozoa. Understanding these processes is crucial for studying reproduction and infertility issues.

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