Repro 1: Gametogenesis and Sex Differentiation
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Questions and Answers

During which stage of meiosis does crossing over occur?

  • Meiosis II
  • Prophase of Mitosis
  • Meiosis I (correct)
  • Anaphase of Mitosis

    • What is the significance of chiasmata in meiosis?

  • Chiasmata introduce genetic variation through non-random points of recombination. (correct)
  • Chiasmata prevent genetic variation.
  • Chiasmata ensure identical daughter cells are produced.
  • Chiasmata stop the separation of homologous chromosomes.

    • What is the main function of 'cleavage' during early embryo development?

  • Cleavage creates genetic diversity.
  • Cleavage ensures genetic recombination.
  • Cleavage provides metabolic support to the dividing cells. (correct)
  • Cleavage increases cell mass.

    • What is the outcome of mitosis in terms of chromosome number?

    <p>Mitosis results in 2 diploid cells with 46 chromosomes each.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At which stage of early embryo development does zygotic protein synthesis begin?

    <p>Blastocyst stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What cell type determines the development of testis in embryos?

    <p>Sertoli cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In male embryos, what hormone defeminizes the hypothalamus by eliminating the surge center?

    <p>Testosterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells produce Estradiol in female embryos?

    <p>Fetal ovaries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What event occurs at the ovulatory surge of LH during puberty in oocyte development?

    <p>Meiosis I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of polar bodies in oocyte development?

    <p>Reduces genetic material</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What cell type is formed by meiosis I in oogenesis?

    <p>Secondary oocyte</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the trophoblast in the morula stage?

    <p>Pumping sodium into the intracellular space</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is filled with 'water' due to the osmotic pressure during the blastocyst phase?

    <p>Blastocele</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When does gonadal sex differentiation typically occur according to the text?

    <p>Around the 6-8th week</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells migrate from outside the organism into the undifferentiated gonad during sex differentiation?

    <p>Primordial germ cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is formed by the fusion of the allantois and chorion during placental development?

    <p>Allantochorion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what stage do primordial germ cells migrate into the organism to form the genital ridge?

    <p>Around the 6-8th week</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the total number of chromatids in a secondary oocyte during meiosis II?

    <p>46 chromatids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does fertilization typically occur?

    <p>Fallopian tube</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the polar body after meiosis II is completed?

    <p>It degenerates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which stage of meiosis does the secondary oocyte get arrested until fertilization?

    <p>Metaphase II</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does ovulation typically occur in the female reproductive system?

    <p>Fallopian tube</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells originate near the yolk sac and migrate to the developing ovary for differentiation into spermatogonia?

    <p>Primary germ cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary source of testosterone or androgens in males?

    <p>Leydig cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of Sertoli cells?

    <p>Production of inhibin and estradiol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cell is the last one after cell division in spermatogenesis?

    <p>Spermatid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the blood-testis barrier (Lamina propria)?

    <p>Prevents autoimmune response to sperm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do spermatids undergo morphological changes to become spermatozoa?

    <p>Inside the seminiferous tubules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the tail of the epididymis?

    <p>Storage of sperm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the total number of chromatids in a secondary oocyte during meiosis II?

    <p>46 chromatids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does fertilization typically occur?

    <p>Ampulla of the uterine tube</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what stage of early embryo development does zygotic protein synthesis begin?

    <p>Blastocyst</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of Sertoli cells?

    <p>Phagocytosis of residual bodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the tail of the epididymis?

    <p>Storage and maturation of spermatozoa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which stage of meiosis does crossing over occur?

    <p>Prophase I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of testosterone in sex differentiation according to the text?

    <p>Defeminizes the hypothalamus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In oogenesis, what event occurs at puberty with the ovulatory surge of LH?

    <p>Formation of a secondary oocyte and polar body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells produce Estradiol during fetal development, according to the text?

    <p>Fetal ovaries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of polar bodies in oocyte development as mentioned in the text?

    <p>Degenerate to reduce genetic material</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During postnatal oocyte development, what is the result of Meiosis I?

    <p>Formation of secondary oocyte and polar body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the secondary oocyte after Meiosis I is completed according to the content?

    <p>Remains arrested until fertilization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the trophoblast during the morula stage?

    <p>Develops the chorion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do primordial germ cells migrate from into the undifferentiated gonad during sex differentiation?

    <p>Yolk sac</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of the expansion of the allantois and its fusion with the chorion?

    <p>Forms the allantochorion (placenta)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At which week does phenotypic sex typically become distinguishable?

    <p>~12th week</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During embryonic development, what does the extraembryonic mesoderm develop?

    <p>Allantois</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure develops due to sodium pumping by cells from the trophoblast?

    <p>Blastocele</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between oogenesis and spermatogenesis?

    <p>Oogenesis produces two diploid cells with 46 chromatids each, while spermatogenesis produces four haploid cells with 23 chromatids each.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which stage of meiosis does homologous recombination occur?

    <p>Meiosis I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the blood-testis barrier?

    <p>Isolating developing germ cells from the immune system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic feature of cleavage during early embryo development?

    <p>Totipotent cell formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary source of metabolic support during early embryo development?

    <p>Maternal secretions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which event introduces genetic variation into sexual reproduction?

    <p>Crossing over during Prophase I of Meiosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary source of testosterone or androgens in males?

    <p>Leydig cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do spermatids undergo morphological changes to become spermatozoa?

    <p>Epididymis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of Sertoli cells in spermatogenesis?

    <p>Phagocytosis of residual cytoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are sperm stored in the male reproductive system?

    <p>Epididymis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first haploid cell produced during spermatogenesis?

    <p>Secondary spermatocyte</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cell type undergoes morphological change into spermatozoa during spermiogenesis?

    <p>Spermatid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cell division generates 4 haploid daughter cells, each genetically distinct?

    <p>Meiosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of crossing over during meiosis?

    <p>To introduce genetic variation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage of early embryo development involves several mitotic divisions without an increase in cell mass?

    <p>Cleavage (Reduction Division)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of totipotent cells in early embryo development?

    <p>Give rise to any tissue type</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In oogenesis, what is the outcome of meiosis I in terms of chromosome number?

    <p>Create haploid cells with 23 chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During fertilization, what is the main purpose of maternal secretions in early embryo development?

    <p>Provide metabolic support during cleavage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure will later become the yolk sac?

    <p>Blastocele</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells are responsible for the development of the chorion (placenta) in the embryo?

    <p>Trophoblast</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do polarized cells from the trophoblast pump into the intracellular space during the morula stage?

    <p>Sodium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which week does gonadal sex differentiation typically occur?

    <p>~6-8th week</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is formed by the expansion of the allantois and its fusion with the chorion during placental development?

    <p>Allantochorion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do primordial germ cells migrate from outside the organism to form the undifferentiated gonad during sex differentiation?

    <p>Yolk sac</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of Testis determining factor in sex differentiation?

    <p>Initiates the development of male-specific structures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During oogenesis, what event occurs before parturition in the fetal oogonia?

    <p>Duplication of DNA in Prophase I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In sex differentiation, what structure does Estradiol defeminize by eliminating the surge center?

    <p>Hypothalamus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of Polar bodies in oocyte development?

    <p>Reduce the genetic material to ensure proper embryonic development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the secondary oocyte after Meiosis II is completed?

    <p>It becomes a mature ovum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which event occurs during postnatal oocyte development with the ovulatory surge of LH at puberty?

    <p>Meiosis I resulting in a Secondary oocyte</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the total number of chromatids in a secondary oocyte during meiosis II?

    <p>92</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does ovulation typically occur in the female reproductive system?

    <p>Fallopian tube</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When does Meiosis II get completed in the female reproductive system?

    <p>After fertilization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does fertilization typically occur?

    <p>Fallopian tube</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the fate of the polar body in oocyte development?

    <p>It degenerates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do spermatogonium develop during fetal life?

    <p>Testis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of Leydig cells in male mammals?

    <p>Being the main source of testosterone or androgens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does spermiogenesis occur in the male reproductive system?

    <p>Inside the seminiferous tubules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cell type is responsible for producing inhibin and estradiol in the testicles?

    <p>Sertoli cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of Sperm Acrosome?

    <p>Facilitating fertilization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which stage of spermatogenesis do Spermatocytes undergo morphological changes?

    <p>Spermiogenesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average timeframe for sperm transit through the Epididymis?

    <p>~2 weeks</p> Signup and view all the answers

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