Reproductive System: Key Concepts
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Questions and Answers

What are the cells called that are located between seminiferous tubules and produce testosterone?

Interstitial (Leydig) cells

What are the cells called that are located inside the seminiferous tubules and protect sperm and promote their development?

Sustentacular (Sertoli) cells

Which of the following are internal genitalia of the female reproductive system? (Select all that apply)

  • Uterine (fallopian) tubes (correct)
  • Ovaries (correct)
  • Clitoris
  • Labia minora
  • Uterus (correct)
  • Labia majora
  • Vagina (correct)

Where are ciliated cells located in the female reproductive system?

<p>In the uterine tubes</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the ciliated cells in the female reproductive system?

<p>To move the egg down the uterine tube</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the ovaries?

<p>Produce egg cells (ova) and sex hormones (contains simple cuboidal epithelium)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the bursting of a follicle and releasing of the egg in the female reproductive system called?

<p>Ovulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the ovarian cycle?

<p>Develops the follicle containing the egg and releases it for fertilization (follicle develops in response to FSH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the fallopian tubes?

<p>Fertilization takes place here. Contains mucosa with simple columnar epithelium with cilia and goblet cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the path of the egg from the ovary?

<p>Egg is released from the ovary and is caught by the fimbriae. Egg is moved into the infundibulum, then to the ampulla, then to the isthmus</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the thick muscular chamber that opens into the roof of the vagina called?

<p>Uterus</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the three ligaments attached to the uterus?

<p>Round- holds uterus to ventral wall, uterosacral- holds uterus to sacrum), and broad- hold uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovary</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are tissue layers of the uterus? (Select all that apply)

<p>Endometrium (A), Perimetrium (B), Myometrium (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the external serosa layer of uterine tissue called?

<p>Perimetrium</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of uterine tissue is the middle, muscular layer that makes up most of the uterine wall and is composed mainly of smooth muscle to push the baby out?

<p>Myometrium</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the site of attachment during pregnancy and is sloughed off during menstruation?

<p>Endometrium</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the collective name for the external genitalia?

<p>Vulva</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mound of fat over the pubic symphysis bearing most of the pubic hair called?

<p>Mons pubis</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the pair of thick folds of skin and adipose tissue called?

<p>Labia majora</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the thin, hairless folds called?

<p>Labia minora</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the erectile, sensory organ that's the primary center for erotic stimulation called?

<p>Clitoris</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the erectile tissue deep to the labia major called?

<p>Vestibular bulbs</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the homologous to the prostate gland that prevents UTIs during sex by releasing a fluid mixture of urine and plasma that's very high in zinc called?

<p>Paraurethral gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the homologous to Cowper's gland that secretes a mucous like product when sexually aroused to act as a lubricant called?

<p>Bartholin gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mound of tissue overlapping pectoralis major called?

<p>Breasts</p> Signup and view all the answers

What hormone stimulates growth/development of mammary glands and milk production?

<p>Prolactin</p> Signup and view all the answers

What hormone stimulates milk ejection?

<p>Oxytocin</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is egg production called?

<p>Oogensis</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does oogenesis do?

<p>Produces haploid gametes through meiosis, distinctly cyclic event that normally releases one egg each month that transforms into a primary oocyte in meiosis 1</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is any stage from the primary oocyte to the time of fertilization called?

<p>Egg/ovum</p> Signup and view all the answers

What hormone stimulates the monthly cohort of oocytes to complete meiosis 1?

<p>FSH</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the large daughter cell that's the product of meiosis 1 called?

<p>Secondary oocyte</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are days 1-14 of the ovarian cycle called?

<p>Follicular phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is day 14 of the ovarian cycle called?

<p>Ovulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

What hormone secreted by the ovaries is responsible for the appearance of secondary sex characteristics of females at puberty as well as for maturation and maintenance of reproductive organs?

<p>Estrogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the other hormone secreted by the ovaries that functions with estrogen to promote the menstrual cycle and changes in the endometrium called?

<p>Progesterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the temporary endocrine structure that produces relatively high levels of progesterone and moderate levels of estradiol/estrogen called?

<p>Corpus luteum</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the corpus luteum's role in the menstrual cycle and pregnancy?

<p>Hypothalamus assumes a woman isn't pregnant without feedback from it and will call for the development and ovulation of another follicle. The secretion of estrogen from this structure inhibits the release of GnRH from the hypothalamus and stops the secretion of LH and FSH to prevent ovulation and follicular development from occurring</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the stages of the menstrual cycle? (Select all that apply)

<p>Menstrual phase (A), Proliferative phase (C), Premenstrual phase (D), Secretory phase (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the layer of endometrial tissue that is lost in the last menstruation and is rebuilt called?

<p>Proliferative phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the phase called when the endometrium thickens more in response to progesterone from the corpus luteum? The endometrium is 5-6mm thick at day 26 and provides a soft, wet, nutritious bed for embryonic development.

<p>Secretory phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the period of endometrial degeneration that occurs in the last 2 days of the cycle called?

<p>Premenstrual phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the discharge of menstrual fluid from the vagina called?

<p>Menstrual phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where in the fallopian tube does fertilization occur?

<p>The ampulla</p> Signup and view all the answers

What hormones have the strongest influence on pregnancy? (Select all that apply)

<p>Human chorionic somatomammotropin (A), Progesterone (B), Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) (C), Estrogen (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some bodily adjustments during pregnancy?

<p>Digestive system: morning sickness, constipation, and heartburn due to reduced intestinal motility and pressure on stomach (causes reflux of gastric contents into esophagus). Urinary system: glomerular filtration increases 50% and urine output is slightly elevated due to pregnant uterus compressing bladder. Integumentary system: skin grows to accommodate expansion of abdomen and breasts, added fat deposition in hips and thighs, stretch marks, melanocyte increases in some areas, and temporary blotchy darkening of skin over nose and cheeks</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a stage of labor? (Select all that apply)

<p>Fertilization stage (A), Contraction stage (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some behavioral methods of contraceptives? (Select all that apply)

<p>Rhythm method (periodic abstinence) (B), Abstinence (D), Withdrawal (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some barrier and spermicidal methods of contraceptives? (Select all that apply)

<p>Female condom (A), Sponge (B), Diaphragm (D), Male condom (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some hormonal contraceptives? (Select all that apply)

<p>Patch (A), The pill (C), Vaginal-ring (D), Injection (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do hormonal contraceptives work?

<p>They don't allow the ovarian follicles to mature</p> Signup and view all the answers

What method of contraception induces menstruation provided that implantation hasn't occurred?

<p>Morning-after pill</p> Signup and view all the answers

What method of contraception induces abortion up to 2 months into pregnancy?

<p>RU-486</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do birth control pills containing both estrogen and progesterone work?

<p>They inhibit the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do birth control pills containing only progesterone work?

<p>They inhibit ovulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the pouch of skin, muscle, and fibrous connective tissue containing testes called?

<p>Scrotum</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the anatomy of the male reproductive system?

<p>Left testicle descends lower than the right to avoid compressing them, skin contains sebaceous glands, sparse hair, and rich sensory innervation</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the bundle of fibrous connective tissue containing the vas deferens, blood and lymphatic vessels, and testicular nerve called?

<p>Spermatic cord</p> Signup and view all the answers

What temperature is needed for viable sperm?

<p>35 degrees Celsius</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three mechanisms to regulate the temperature of the testes? (Select all that apply)

<p>Pampiniform plexus (C), Dartos muscles (D), Cremaster muscle (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are strips of the internal abdominal oblique muscle called?

<p>Cremaster muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the subcutaneous layer of smooth muscle that contracts when cold and wrinkles the scrotum to reduce surface area and heat loss called?

<p>Dartos muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the extensive network of veins that surrounds the testicular artery and spermatic cord called?

<p>Pampiniform plexus</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the network embedded in the capsule on the posterior side of the testes that collects sperm from the seminiferous tubules called?

<p>Rete testis</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the 12 small ciliated ducts that collect sperm from the rete testes and transport it to the epididymis called?

<p>Efferent ductules</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the site for sperm maturation and storage called?

<p>Duct of epididymis</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the muscular tube called that passes up from the scrotum to the posterior surface of the bladder?

<p>Ductus (vas) deferens</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the 2cm duct formed from the vas deferens and seminal vesicle called?

<p>Ejaculatory duct</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the opening at the tip of the penis called?

<p>Urethra</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure empties into the ejaculatory duct, forming 60% of semen?

<p>Seminal vesicles</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure surrounds the urethra and ejaculatory duct just inferior to the bladder, producing a thin, milky secretion that forms 30% of semen?

<p>Prostate gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure near the bulb of the penis produces a clear, slippery fluid that lubricates the head of the penis in preparation for sex?

<p>Bulbourethral (Cowper) gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure located along the ventral side of the penis and encloses the urethra called?

<p>Corpus spongiosum</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure is located along the dorsal side of the penis called?

<p>Corpus cavernosum</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process of sperm production in seminiferous tubules called?

<p>Spermatogenesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Interstitial (Leydig) Cells

Located between seminiferous tubules, these cells produce testosterone, the primary male sex hormone.

Sustentacular (Sertoli) Cells

Found inside seminiferous tubules, these cells support and protect sperm, promoting their development. They provide nutrients, waste removal, and growth factors.

Internal Female Genitalia

The internal reproductive organs of a woman include the ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina.

External Female Genitalia

The external reproductive organs of a woman include the clitoris, labia minora, and labia majora.

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Ciliated Cells in the Female Reproductive System

These cells are found in the uterine tubes and have tiny hairs (cilia) that help to move the egg towards the uterus for fertilization.

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Function of Ovaries

The ovaries produce egg cells (ova) and sex hormones (estrogen and progesterone).

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Ovulation

This is the process where a mature egg is released from the ovary.

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Function of the Ovarian Cycle

The ovarian cycle controls the development of the egg inside a follicle and its release for potential fertilization.

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Function of Fallopian Tubes

Fertilization takes place in the fallopian tubes (uterine tubes). They also transport the egg towards the uterus.

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Path of the Egg

The egg is released from the ovary, caught by the fimbriae, and travels through the infundibulum, ampulla, and isthmus of the fallopian tube.

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Uterus

The thick, muscular organ that harbors a developing fetus, provides nourishment, and expels the baby at birth.

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Function of Uterine Ligaments

These ligaments support and anchor the uterus in the pelvic cavity.

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Layers of the Uterus

The uterus has three layers: perimetrium (outer), myometrium (middle), and endometrium (inner).

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Perimetrium

The outermost layer of the uterus, made up of a serous membrane.

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Myometrium

The muscular middle layer of the uterus, responsible for contractions during labor and childbirth.

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Endometrium

The inner layer of the uterus where the fertilized egg implants and the lining sheds during menstruation.

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Function of the Vagina

The vagina acts as a channel for menstrual flow, receives the penis during intercourse, and serves as the birth canal. It has an acidic pH to protect the uterus.

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Vulva

The collective term for the external female genitalia.

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Mons Pubis

A mound of fatty tissue over the pubic bone, covered with pubic hair during puberty.

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Labia Majora

Two thick skin folds that protect the vaginal opening.

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Labia Minora

Two thin, hairless skin folds located inside the labia majora, enclosing the vestibule.

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Clitoris

The erectile, sensory organ located at the top of the vulva, responsible for sexual pleasure.

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Vestibular Bulbs

Erectile tissue deep to the labia majora, contributing to vaginal tightening during sex.

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Paraurethral Glands

Located near the urethra, they secrete a fluid mixture of urine and plasma, helping to prevent UTIs.

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Bartholin Glands

These glands secrete a mucous-like lubricant during sexual arousal.

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Breasts

Mounds of tissue containing mammary glands, responsible for milk production.

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Prolactin

This hormone stimulates the growth and development of mammary glands and milk production.

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Oxytocin

This hormone triggers the release of milk from the breasts.

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Oogenesis

The process of egg production in the ovaries.

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Purpose of Oogenesis

Oogenesis produces haploid gametes (egg cells) through meiosis, ensuring genetic diversity in offspring.

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Egg

Any stage of development from the primary oocyte to fertilization.

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FSH and Oocyte Maturation

FSH hormone stimulates the monthly cohort of oocytes to complete meiosis 1.

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Secondary Oocyte

The larger daughter cell resulting from meiosis 1 in oogenesis. It will potentially be fertilized.

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Follicular Phase

Days 1-14 of the ovarian cycle, characterized by follicle development and increasing estrogen levels.

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Ovulation

Day 14 of the ovarian cycle, when a mature egg is released from the ovary. Estrogen and LH reach peak levels.

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Luteal Phase

Days 15-28 of the ovarian cycle, characterized by the formation of the corpus luteum and decreasing estrogen levels.

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Estrogen

The main female sex hormone, responsible for female secondary sex characteristics and development of reproductive organs.

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Progesterone

A hormone produced by the ovaries that works with estrogen to control the menstrual cycle and prepare the endometrium for pregnancy.

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Corpus Luteum

A temporary structure formed from the ruptured follicle after ovulation, producing progesterone and estrogen.

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Corpus Luteum and Pregnancy

The corpus luteum produces hormones that maintain the uterine lining for potential pregnancy. If fertilization doesn't occur, it degenerates.

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Stages of the Menstrual Cycle

The menstrual cycle has four phases: proliferative, secretory, premenstrual, and menstrual.

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Proliferative Phase

The first phase of the menstrual cycle, during which the endometrium rebuilds after menstruation.

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Secretory Phase

The second phase of the menstrual cycle, during which the endometrium thickens in preparation for potential pregnancy.

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Premenstrual Phase

The third phase of the menstrual cycle, characterized by endometrial degeneration due to declining progesterone levels.

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Menstrual Phase

The final phase of the menstrual cycle, during which the shedding of the endometrium occurs, resulting in menstrual bleeding.

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Fertilization Site

Fertilization typically occurs in the ampulla, the widest part of the fallopian tube.

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Hormones in Pregnancy

Key hormones during pregnancy include estrogen, progesterone, hCG, and hCS.

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Body Changes During Pregnancy

Pregnancy causes changes in the digestive, urinary, and integumentary systems.

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Stages of Labor

Labor has four stages: dilation, late dilation, expulsion, and placental.

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Behavioral Contraceptives

These methods focus on behaviors to prevent pregnancy, like abstinence, rhythm method, and withdrawal.

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Barrier and Spermicidal Contraceptives

Methods like condoms, diaphragms, and sponges act as physical barriers or kill sperm.

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Hormonal Contraceptives

These methods use hormones to prevent pregnancy, like the pill, patch, injection, and ring.

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How Hormonal Contraceptives Work

Hormonal contraceptives primarily work by preventing the ovarian follicles from maturing, thus preventing ovulation.

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Morning-After Pill

These pills can induce menstruation if fertilization has not occurred.

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RU-486 (Mifepristone)

This medication can induce an abortion, but it is usually effective up to 2 months into pregnancy.

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How Birth Control Pills Work

Birth control pills containing both estrogen and progesterone inhibit hormone production by the pituitary gland. Progesterone-only pills primarily inhibit ovulation.

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Scrotum

The pouch of skin, muscle, and connective tissue that holds the testes, regulating their temperature.

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Male Reproductive System Anatomy

The male reproductive system includes testes, scrotum, spermatic cord, epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral glands, and penis.

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Spermatic Cord

A bundle of structures that connect the testes to the abdominal cavity, including the vas deferens, blood vessels, and nerves.

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Temperature Regulation of Testes

The scrotum regulates the temperature of the testes using the cremaster muscle, dartos muscle, and pampiniform plexus.

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Cremaster Muscle

A strip of muscle that contracts to pull the testes closer to the body when cold and relaxes to move them away when warm.

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Dartos Muscle

A layer of smooth muscle in the scrotum that contracts to wrinkle the skin, reducing surface area and heat loss.

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Pampiniform Plexus

A network of veins surrounding the testicular artery, acting as a heat exchanger to keep the testes cool.

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Rete Testis

A network of tubes embedded in the testes, collecting sperm from the seminiferous tubules.

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Efferent Ductules

Small ducts that carry sperm from the rete testis to the epididymis.

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Epididymis

A coiled tube where sperm mature and are stored.

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Ductus (Vas) Deferens

A muscular tube that carries sperm from the epididymis to the urethra.

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Ejaculatory Duct

A short duct formed by the union of the vas deferens and the seminal vesicle, carrying sperm to the urethra.

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Urethra

The tube that carries both urine and semen out of the body in males.

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Seminal Vesicles

Two small glands that contribute a large portion of the fluid in semen.

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Prostate Gland

A gland that surrounds the urethra and contributes to the composition of semen.

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Bulbourethral (Cowper) Glands

Small glands that secrete a lubricating fluid that prepares the urethra for semen.

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Corpus Spongiosum

Erectile tissue that surrounds the urethra in the penis, contributing to erection.

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Corpus Cavernosum

Paired erectile tissue that makes up most of the penis, contributing to erection.

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Spermatogenesis

The process of sperm production in the seminiferous tubules.

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Events in Spermatogenesis

Spermatogenesis involves cell remodeling, reduction of chromosome number, and shuffling of genes to create diverse sperm.

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Type A Spermatogonium

A type of stem cell that remains in the wall of the seminiferous tubule, continually replenishing the supply of germ cells.

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Type B Spermatogonium

A type of germ cell that migrates away from the tubule wall and differentiates into a primary spermatocyte.

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Secondary Spermatocyte and Meiosis II

Each secondary spermatocyte undergoes meiosis II, resulting in two spermatids.

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Spermiogenesis

The process of transforming spermatids into mature sperm cells (spermatozoa).

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Semen

The fluid ejaculated during orgasm, composed of sperm and secretions from various glands.

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Sperm Count

The number of sperm per milliliter of semen. A normal count is 50-120 million/mL.

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Infertility and Sperm Count

A sperm count below 20-25 million/mL is considered infertile.

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Sperm Motility

The ability of sperm to move, which is essential for fertilization. It requires an elevated pH and an energy source.

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Bacterial STDs

Sexually transmitted diseases caused by bacteria, such as chlamydia, gonorrhea, and syphilis.

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Viral STDs

Sexually transmitted diseases caused by viruses, such as genital herpes, genital warts, and hepatitis B and C.

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Study Notes

Reproductive System: Key Concepts

  • Male Reproductive Organs: Testes produce sperm and testosterone. Interstitial (Leydig) cells are located between seminiferous tubules and produce testosterone. Sustentacular (Sertoli) cells are located within seminiferous tubules, support sperm development, and provide nutrients. The scrotum regulates testicular temperature. The spermatic cord contains vas deferens, blood vessels, and nerves. The epididymis is where sperm mature. The ductus (vas) deferens transports sperm. The seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and bulbourethral glands contribute fluids to semen. Corpus spongiosum and corpora cavernosa form the penis.

  • Female Reproductive Organs: The internal genitalia include ovaries, uterine (fallopian) tubes, uterus, and vagina. External genitalia include clitoris, labia minora, and labia majora. Ovaries produce ova and hormones. The uterine tubes have ciliated cells that move the egg. Fertilization typically occurs in the ampulla. The uterus has three layers: perimetrium (outer), myometrium (muscular), and endometrium (inner). The vagina receives semen and is part of childbirth. The breasts contain ducts and are important for lactation.

  • Hormonal Control: Prolactin stimulates milk production, and oxytocin stimulates milk ejection. Estrogen and progesterone influence the menstrual cycle and secondary sexual characteristics. The corpus luteum produces hormones important during pregnancy. Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and human chorionic somatomammotropin (hCS) are crucial hormones during pregnancy.

  • Reproductive Cycles: Oogenesis is egg production, a cyclic process. The ovarian cycle develops and releases eggs, influenced by FSH and LH. The follicular phase involves follicle development. Ovulation is the release of the egg. The luteal phase involves the corpus luteum. The menstrual cycle has phases including proliferative, secretory, premenstrual, and menstrual.

  • Sperm Production & Characteristics: Spermatogenesis produces sperm, involving meiotic divisions, and remodeling of germ cells into sperm. Semen contains sperm and fluids from accessory glands, with a normal count of 50-120 million/mL. Sperm motility needs alkaline environment and energy.

  • Fertilization & Pregnancy: Fertilization occurs in the uterine tube. Pregnancy alters the mother's body with digestive, urinary, and integumentary system adjustments.

  • Contraception: Contraception includes behavioral, barrier, and hormonal methods; including morning-after pills, induced abortions to terminate pregnancy.

  • Reproductive Issues: Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) include bacterial (Chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis) and viral (genital herpes, warts, hepatitis B/C) types.

  • Labor and Delivery: Labor and delivery occur in stages (dilation, expulsion, placental): Dilation, expulsion (baby's birth), and placental phases.

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Explore the essential elements of the male and female reproductive systems with this quiz. Learn about key organs, their functions, and how they contribute to reproduction. Test your knowledge on the anatomy and physiology that govern human reproduction.

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