Reproductive System: Key Concepts
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Questions and Answers

What are the cells called that are located between seminiferous tubules and produce testosterone?

Interstitial (Leydig) cells

What are the cells called that are located inside the seminiferous tubules and protect sperm and promote their development?

Sustentacular (Sertoli) cells

Which of the following are internal genitalia of the female reproductive system? (Select all that apply)

  • Uterine (fallopian) tubes (correct)
  • Ovaries (correct)
  • Clitoris
  • Labia minora
  • Uterus (correct)
  • Labia majora
  • Vagina (correct)

    • Where are ciliated cells located in the female reproductive system?

    <p>In the uterine tubes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the ciliated cells in the female reproductive system?

    <p>To move the egg down the uterine tube</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the ovaries?

    <p>Produce egg cells (ova) and sex hormones (contains simple cuboidal epithelium)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the bursting of a follicle and releasing of the egg in the female reproductive system called?

    <p>Ovulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the ovarian cycle?

    <p>Develops the follicle containing the egg and releases it for fertilization (follicle develops in response to FSH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the fallopian tubes?

    <p>Fertilization takes place here. Contains mucosa with simple columnar epithelium with cilia and goblet cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the path of the egg from the ovary?

    <p>Egg is released from the ovary and is caught by the fimbriae. Egg is moved into the infundibulum, then to the ampulla, then to the isthmus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the thick muscular chamber that opens into the roof of the vagina called?

    <p>Uterus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the three ligaments attached to the uterus?

    <p>Round- holds uterus to ventral wall, uterosacral- holds uterus to sacrum), and broad- hold uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following are tissue layers of the uterus? (Select all that apply)

    <p>Endometrium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the external serosa layer of uterine tissue called?

    <p>Perimetrium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of uterine tissue is the middle, muscular layer that makes up most of the uterine wall and is composed mainly of smooth muscle to push the baby out?

    <p>Myometrium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the site of attachment during pregnancy and is sloughed off during menstruation?

    <p>Endometrium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the collective name for the external genitalia?

    <p>Vulva</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mound of fat over the pubic symphysis bearing most of the pubic hair called?

    <p>Mons pubis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the pair of thick folds of skin and adipose tissue called?

    <p>Labia majora</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the thin, hairless folds called?

    <p>Labia minora</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the erectile, sensory organ that's the primary center for erotic stimulation called?

    <p>Clitoris</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the erectile tissue deep to the labia major called?

    <p>Vestibular bulbs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the homologous to the prostate gland that prevents UTIs during sex by releasing a fluid mixture of urine and plasma that's very high in zinc called?

    <p>Paraurethral gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the homologous to Cowper's gland that secretes a mucous like product when sexually aroused to act as a lubricant called?

    <p>Bartholin gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mound of tissue overlapping pectoralis major called?

    <p>Breasts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormone stimulates growth/development of mammary glands and milk production?

    <p>Prolactin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormone stimulates milk ejection?

    <p>Oxytocin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is egg production called?

    <p>Oogensis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does oogenesis do?

    <p>Produces haploid gametes through meiosis, distinctly cyclic event that normally releases one egg each month that transforms into a primary oocyte in meiosis 1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is any stage from the primary oocyte to the time of fertilization called?

    <p>Egg/ovum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormone stimulates the monthly cohort of oocytes to complete meiosis 1?

    <p>FSH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the large daughter cell that's the product of meiosis 1 called?

    <p>Secondary oocyte</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are days 1-14 of the ovarian cycle called?

    <p>Follicular phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is day 14 of the ovarian cycle called?

    <p>Ovulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormone secreted by the ovaries is responsible for the appearance of secondary sex characteristics of females at puberty as well as for maturation and maintenance of reproductive organs?

    <p>Estrogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the other hormone secreted by the ovaries that functions with estrogen to promote the menstrual cycle and changes in the endometrium called?

    <p>Progesterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the temporary endocrine structure that produces relatively high levels of progesterone and moderate levels of estradiol/estrogen called?

    <p>Corpus luteum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the corpus luteum's role in the menstrual cycle and pregnancy?

    <p>Hypothalamus assumes a woman isn't pregnant without feedback from it and will call for the development and ovulation of another follicle. The secretion of estrogen from this structure inhibits the release of GnRH from the hypothalamus and stops the secretion of LH and FSH to prevent ovulation and follicular development from occurring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the stages of the menstrual cycle? (Select all that apply)

    <p>Menstrual phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the layer of endometrial tissue that is lost in the last menstruation and is rebuilt called?

    <p>Proliferative phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the phase called when the endometrium thickens more in response to progesterone from the corpus luteum? The endometrium is 5-6mm thick at day 26 and provides a soft, wet, nutritious bed for embryonic development.

    <p>Secretory phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the period of endometrial degeneration that occurs in the last 2 days of the cycle called?

    <p>Premenstrual phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the discharge of menstrual fluid from the vagina called?

    <p>Menstrual phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where in the fallopian tube does fertilization occur?

    <p>The ampulla</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormones have the strongest influence on pregnancy? (Select all that apply)

    <p>Human chorionic somatomammotropin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some bodily adjustments during pregnancy?

    <p>Digestive system: morning sickness, constipation, and heartburn due to reduced intestinal motility and pressure on stomach (causes reflux of gastric contents into esophagus). Urinary system: glomerular filtration increases 50% and urine output is slightly elevated due to pregnant uterus compressing bladder. Integumentary system: skin grows to accommodate expansion of abdomen and breasts, added fat deposition in hips and thighs, stretch marks, melanocyte increases in some areas, and temporary blotchy darkening of skin over nose and cheeks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a stage of labor? (Select all that apply)

    <p>Fertilization stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some behavioral methods of contraceptives? (Select all that apply)

    <p>Rhythm method (periodic abstinence)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some barrier and spermicidal methods of contraceptives? (Select all that apply)

    <p>Female condom</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some hormonal contraceptives? (Select all that apply)

    <p>Patch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do hormonal contraceptives work?

    <p>They don't allow the ovarian follicles to mature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What method of contraception induces menstruation provided that implantation hasn't occurred?

    <p>Morning-after pill</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What method of contraception induces abortion up to 2 months into pregnancy?

    <p>RU-486</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do birth control pills containing both estrogen and progesterone work?

    <p>They inhibit the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do birth control pills containing only progesterone work?

    <p>They inhibit ovulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the pouch of skin, muscle, and fibrous connective tissue containing testes called?

    <p>Scrotum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the anatomy of the male reproductive system?

    <p>Left testicle descends lower than the right to avoid compressing them, skin contains sebaceous glands, sparse hair, and rich sensory innervation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the bundle of fibrous connective tissue containing the vas deferens, blood and lymphatic vessels, and testicular nerve called?

    <p>Spermatic cord</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What temperature is needed for viable sperm?

    <p>35 degrees Celsius</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three mechanisms to regulate the temperature of the testes? (Select all that apply)

    <p>Pampiniform plexus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are strips of the internal abdominal oblique muscle called?

    <p>Cremaster muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the subcutaneous layer of smooth muscle that contracts when cold and wrinkles the scrotum to reduce surface area and heat loss called?

    <p>Dartos muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the extensive network of veins that surrounds the testicular artery and spermatic cord called?

    <p>Pampiniform plexus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the network embedded in the capsule on the posterior side of the testes that collects sperm from the seminiferous tubules called?

    <p>Rete testis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the 12 small ciliated ducts that collect sperm from the rete testes and transport it to the epididymis called?

    <p>Efferent ductules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the site for sperm maturation and storage called?

    <p>Duct of epididymis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the muscular tube called that passes up from the scrotum to the posterior surface of the bladder?

    <p>Ductus (vas) deferens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the 2cm duct formed from the vas deferens and seminal vesicle called?

    <p>Ejaculatory duct</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the opening at the tip of the penis called?

    <p>Urethra</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure empties into the ejaculatory duct, forming 60% of semen?

    <p>Seminal vesicles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure surrounds the urethra and ejaculatory duct just inferior to the bladder, producing a thin, milky secretion that forms 30% of semen?

    <p>Prostate gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure near the bulb of the penis produces a clear, slippery fluid that lubricates the head of the penis in preparation for sex?

    <p>Bulbourethral (Cowper) gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure located along the ventral side of the penis and encloses the urethra called?

    <p>Corpus spongiosum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure is located along the dorsal side of the penis called?

    <p>Corpus cavernosum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process of sperm production in seminiferous tubules called?

    <p>Spermatogenesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Reproductive System: Key Concepts

    • Male Reproductive Organs: Testes produce sperm and testosterone. Interstitial (Leydig) cells are located between seminiferous tubules and produce testosterone. Sustentacular (Sertoli) cells are located within seminiferous tubules, support sperm development, and provide nutrients. The scrotum regulates testicular temperature. The spermatic cord contains vas deferens, blood vessels, and nerves. The epididymis is where sperm mature. The ductus (vas) deferens transports sperm. The seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and bulbourethral glands contribute fluids to semen. Corpus spongiosum and corpora cavernosa form the penis.

    • Female Reproductive Organs: The internal genitalia include ovaries, uterine (fallopian) tubes, uterus, and vagina. External genitalia include clitoris, labia minora, and labia majora. Ovaries produce ova and hormones. The uterine tubes have ciliated cells that move the egg. Fertilization typically occurs in the ampulla. The uterus has three layers: perimetrium (outer), myometrium (muscular), and endometrium (inner). The vagina receives semen and is part of childbirth. The breasts contain ducts and are important for lactation.

    • Hormonal Control: Prolactin stimulates milk production, and oxytocin stimulates milk ejection. Estrogen and progesterone influence the menstrual cycle and secondary sexual characteristics. The corpus luteum produces hormones important during pregnancy. Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and human chorionic somatomammotropin (hCS) are crucial hormones during pregnancy.

    • Reproductive Cycles: Oogenesis is egg production, a cyclic process. The ovarian cycle develops and releases eggs, influenced by FSH and LH. The follicular phase involves follicle development. Ovulation is the release of the egg. The luteal phase involves the corpus luteum. The menstrual cycle has phases including proliferative, secretory, premenstrual, and menstrual.

    • Sperm Production & Characteristics: Spermatogenesis produces sperm, involving meiotic divisions, and remodeling of germ cells into sperm. Semen contains sperm and fluids from accessory glands, with a normal count of 50-120 million/mL. Sperm motility needs alkaline environment and energy.

    • Fertilization & Pregnancy: Fertilization occurs in the uterine tube. Pregnancy alters the mother's body with digestive, urinary, and integumentary system adjustments.

    • Contraception: Contraception includes behavioral, barrier, and hormonal methods; including morning-after pills, induced abortions to terminate pregnancy.

    • Reproductive Issues: Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) include bacterial (Chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis) and viral (genital herpes, warts, hepatitis B/C) types.

    • Labor and Delivery: Labor and delivery occur in stages (dilation, expulsion, placental): Dilation, expulsion (baby's birth), and placental phases.

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    Description

    Explore the essential elements of the male and female reproductive systems with this quiz. Learn about key organs, their functions, and how they contribute to reproduction. Test your knowledge on the anatomy and physiology that govern human reproduction.

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