Reproductive System

Reproductive System

• Male Reproductive System:
  • Produces and transports sperm cells
  • Consists of:
    • Testes: produce sperm cells
    • Epididymis: stores and transports sperm cells
    • Vas deferens: muscular tubes that transport sperm cells
    • Urethra: tube that carries sperm cells out of the body
    • Penis: external genital organ
  • Hormones involved: testosterone, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH)
• Female Reproductive System:
  • Produces and supports development of eggs
  • Consists of:
    • Ovaries: produce eggs
    • Fallopian tubes: tubes that connect ovaries to uterus
    • Uterus: muscular organ that supports fetal development
    • Cervix: lower part of uterus that opens into vagina
    • Vagina: muscular tube that connects cervix to outside of body
  • Hormones involved: estrogen, progesterone, FSH, LH

Digestive System

• Organs involved:
  • Mouth: mechanical and chemical digestion of food
  • Esophagus: muscular tube that transports food to stomach
  • Stomach: mixes food with digestive enzymes and acids
  • Small intestine: absorbs nutrients into bloodstream
  • Liver: produces bile for fat digestion
  • Pancreas: produces digestive enzymes
  • Large intestine: absorbs water and electrolytes, stores and eliminates waste
• Accessory organs:
  • Salivary glands: produce saliva for digestion
  • Gallbladder: stores and releases bile
  • Appendix: functions unknown, but may aid in digestion

Integumentary System

• Functions:
  • Protects body from external damage
  • Regulates body temperature
  • Aids in sensation and perception
  • Helps to maintain hydration and electrolyte balance
• Components:
  • Skin: outermost layer of body, composed of epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis
  • Hair: provides additional protection and aid in sensation
  • Nails: hard, keratin-based structures that protect fingertips and toes
  • Sweat glands: produce sweat to regulate body temperature
  • Sebaceous glands: produce sebum to moisturize skin

Hemotologic System (Blood System)

• Functions:
  • Transports oxygen and nutrients to cells
  • Transports waste products from cells
  • Regulates body temperature
  • Aids in immune response
• Components:
  • Blood: liquid tissue composed of plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets
  • Heart: muscular organ that pumps blood throughout body
  • Blood vessels: arteries, veins, and capillaries that transport blood
  • Bone marrow: produces blood cells

Gastrointestinal System (GI Tract)

• Functions:
  • Ingests and digests food
  • Absorbs nutrients into bloodstream
  • Eliminates waste products
• Components:
  • Mouth: mechanical and chemical digestion of food
  • Esophagus: muscular tube that transports food to stomach
  • Stomach: mixes food with digestive enzymes and acids
  • Small intestine: absorbs nutrients into bloodstream
  • Large intestine: absorbs water and electrolytes, stores and eliminates waste
• Note: The GI Tract is a part of the Digestive System, but it is often referred to as a separate system.

Reproductive System

• The male reproductive system produces and transports sperm cells
• The male reproductive system consists of:
  • Testes, which produce sperm cells
  • Epididymis, which stores and transports sperm cells
  • Vas deferens, which are muscular tubes that transport sperm cells
  • Urethra, which is a tube that carries sperm cells out of the body
  • Penis, which is an external genital organ
• Hormones involved in the male reproductive system include testosterone, FSH, and LH
• The female reproductive system produces and supports the development of eggs
• The female reproductive system consists of:
  • Ovaries, which produce eggs
  • Fallopian tubes, which are tubes that connect ovaries to the uterus
  • Uterus, which is a muscular organ that supports fetal development
  • Cervix, which is the lower part of the uterus that opens into the vagina
  • Vagina, which is a muscular tube that connects the cervix to the outside of the body
• Hormones involved in the female reproductive system include estrogen, progesterone, FSH, and LH

Digestive System

• The digestive system involves the following organs:
  • Mouth, where mechanical and chemical digestion of food occurs
  • Esophagus, a muscular tube that transports food to the stomach
  • Stomach, which mixes food with digestive enzymes and acids
  • Small intestine, where nutrients are absorbed into the bloodstream
  • Liver, which produces bile for fat digestion
  • Pancreas, which produces digestive enzymes
  • Large intestine, which absorbs water and electrolytes, and stores and eliminates waste
• The digestive system also involves the following accessory organs:
  • Salivary glands, which produce saliva for digestion
  • Gallbladder, which stores and releases bile
  • Appendix, which has unknown functions but may aid in digestion

Integumentary System

• The integumentary system protects the body from external damage
• The integumentary system regulates body temperature
• The integumentary system aids in sensation and perception
• The integumentary system helps to maintain hydration and electrolyte balance
• The integumentary system consists of:
  • Skin, which is the outermost layer of the body, composed of epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis
  • Hair, which provides additional protection and aids in sensation
  • Nails, which are hard, keratin-based structures that protect fingertips and toes
  • Sweat glands, which produce sweat to regulate body temperature
  • Sebaceous glands, which produce sebum to moisturize skin

Hemotologic System (Blood System)

• The hemotologic system transports oxygen and nutrients to cells
• The hemotologic system transports waste products from cells
• The hemotologic system regulates body temperature
• The hemotologic system aids in immune response
• The hemotologic system consists of:
  • Blood, which is a liquid tissue composed of plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets
  • Heart, which is a muscular organ that pumps blood throughout the body
  • Blood vessels, which are arteries, veins, and capillaries that transport blood
  • Bone marrow, which produces blood cells

Gastrointestinal System (GI Tract)

• The gastrointestinal system ingests and digests food
• The gastrointestinal system absorbs nutrients into the bloodstream
• The gastrointestinal system eliminates waste products
• The gastrointestinal system consists of:
  • Mouth, where mechanical and chemical digestion of food occurs
  • Esophagus, a muscular tube that transports food to the stomach
  • Stomach, which mixes food with digestive enzymes and acids
  • Small intestine, where nutrients are absorbed into the bloodstream
  • Large intestine, which absorbs water and electrolytes, and stores and eliminates waste
• Note: The GI Tract is a part of the Digestive System, but it is often referred to as a separate system.