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Questions and Answers
Which hormone stimulates the development of primordial follicles each month?
Which hormone stimulates the development of primordial follicles each month?
At what phase does the secondary oocyte stop its meiosis II process?
At what phase does the secondary oocyte stop its meiosis II process?
What is produced along with the secondary oocyte after meiosis I?
What is produced along with the secondary oocyte after meiosis I?
What happens to the secondary oocyte if it is not fertilized?
What happens to the secondary oocyte if it is not fertilized?
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Which part of the uterine (fallopian) tubes is characterized by finger-like fimbriae?
Which part of the uterine (fallopian) tubes is characterized by finger-like fimbriae?
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Which layer of the uterus contains the stratum functionalis?
Which layer of the uterus contains the stratum functionalis?
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Which part of the uterus opens into the vagina?
Which part of the uterus opens into the vagina?
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Which function is NOT associated with the uterus?
Which function is NOT associated with the uterus?
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Which arteries branch as arcuate arteries and radial arteries to supply the myometrium?
Which arteries branch as arcuate arteries and radial arteries to supply the myometrium?
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Which type of cervical mucus is more receptive to sperm?
Which type of cervical mucus is more receptive to sperm?
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What is the role of spiral arteries?
What is the role of spiral arteries?
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Which gland is homologous to the male glans penis?
Which gland is homologous to the male glans penis?
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What contributes to the acidic environment in the vagina?
What contributes to the acidic environment in the vagina?
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Which part of the female reproductive system functions as the lower portion of the birth canal?
Which part of the female reproductive system functions as the lower portion of the birth canal?
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How many lobes are the mammary glands divided into?
How many lobes are the mammary glands divided into?
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What is the primary function of the secretory cells of the cervix?
What is the primary function of the secretory cells of the cervix?
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In the female reproductive cycle, which cycle involves changes in the uterine endometrium preparing for a fertilized ovum?
In the female reproductive cycle, which cycle involves changes in the uterine endometrium preparing for a fertilized ovum?
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What is the role of the bulb of the vestibule?
What is the role of the bulb of the vestibule?
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Which structure in the female reproductive system is primarily responsible for the production of secondary oocytes?
Which structure in the female reproductive system is primarily responsible for the production of secondary oocytes?
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What type of cells cover the surface of the ovary?
What type of cells cover the surface of the ovary?
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Which ligament attaches the ovaries to the pelvic wall?
Which ligament attaches the ovaries to the pelvic wall?
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What is the primary function of the corpus luteum?
What is the primary function of the corpus luteum?
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Which stage in follicular development is characterized by atresia?
Which stage in follicular development is characterized by atresia?
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What are the paired glands in the female reproductive system that are homologous to the testes?
What are the paired glands in the female reproductive system that are homologous to the testes?
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What do oogonia differentiate into during early fetal development?
What do oogonia differentiate into during early fetal development?
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Which part of the ovary consists of ovarian follicles and stromal cells?
Which part of the ovary consists of ovarian follicles and stromal cells?
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Study Notes
Female Reproductive System
- The female reproductive system consists of:
- Gonads (ovaries) that produce secondary oocytes and hormones
- Uterine (fallopian) tubes or oviducts that transport fertilized ova
- Uterus where fetal development occurs
- Vagina
- External organs (vulva or pudendum)
- Mammary glands that produce milk
Ovaries
- Paired glands homologous to the testes
- Produce:
- Gametes (secondary oocytes that develop into mature ova/eggs after fertilization)
- Hormones (progesterone, estrogens, inhibin, and relaxin)
Ovarian Ligaments
- Series of ligaments that hold ovaries in place:
- Broad ligament (a fold of parietal peritoneum)
- Ovarian ligament (anchors ovaries to uterus)
- Suspensory ligament (attaches ovaries to pelvic wall)
Histology of Ovary
- Germinal epithelium covers the surface of the ovary
- Tunica albuginea is located underneath the epithelium
- Ovarian cortex contains:
- Ovarian follicles and stromal cells
- Ovarian medulla contains:
- Blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves
Ovarian Follicles
- In the cortex and consist of oocytes in various stages of development
- Mature (graafian) follicle is a large, fluid-filled follicle ready to expel a secondary oocyte during ovulation
- Corpus luteum is the remnant of a mature follicle after ovulation
Oogenesis and Follicular Development
- Results in the formation of a single haploid secondary oocyte
- During early fetal development, primordial germ cells migrate from the yolk sac to the ovaries and differentiate into oogonia (diploid stem cells)
- Before birth, most germ cells degenerate (atresia), while a few develop into primary oocytes that enter meiosis I during fetal development
- Each primary oocyte is covered by a single layer of flat follicular cells (primordial follicle)
- Around 200,000-2,000,000 primordial follicles are present at birth in each ovary, with 40,000 remaining at puberty and around 400 maturing and ovulating during a lifetime
Follicular Development
- Each month from puberty to menopause, FSH and LH stimulate the development of several primordial follicles (one reaches ovulation)
- Just before ovulation, a diploid primary oocyte completes meiosis I, producing two unequal-sized haploid cells (secondary oocyte and first polar body)
- At ovulation, the secondary oocyte is expelled with the first polar body
- If fertilization does not occur, the cells degenerate
- If a sperm penetrates the secondary oocyte, meiosis II resumes, and the secondary oocyte splits into two unequal-sized cells (second polar body and ovum or mature egg)
Functions
- Transport of spermatozoa, menstruation, implantation of fertilized ovum, development of fetus during pregnancy, and labor
Anatomically
- Can be subdivided into:
- Fundus
- Body
- Isthmus
- Cervix (opens into vagina)
Uterine (Fallopian) Tubes or Oviducts
- Provide a route for sperm to reach an ovum
- Site of fertilization
- Transport secondary oocytes and fertilized ova from ovaries to uterus
- Consist of:
- Infundibulum (ends in finger-like fimbriae)
- Ampulla (widest, longest portion)
- Isthmus (joins uterus)
Histology of Uterine Tubes
- Three layers:
- Mucosa (ciliary conveyor belt, peg cells provide nutrition to ovum)
- Muscularis (peristaltic contractions)
- Serosa (outer layer)
Histology of the Uterus
- Three layers:
- Perimetrium (outer layer)
- Myometrium (three layers of smooth muscle contractions in response to oxytocin)
- Endometrium (inner layer, highly vascularized)
Stratum Functionalism
- Lines the cavity and sloughs off during menstruation
Stratum Basalis
- Permanent layer that gives rise to new stratum functionalis after each menstruation
Blood Supply of the Uterus
- Uterine arteries branch into:
- Arcuate arteries
- Radial arteries that supply the myometrium
- Straight and spiral branches penetrate to the endometrium
- Spiral arteries supply the stratum functionalis
- Their constriction due to hormonal changes starts the menstrual cycle
Secretions and Functions
- Cervical mucus (a mixture of water, glycoprotein, serum-type proteins, lipids, enzymes, and inorganic salts)
- When thin, it is more receptive to sperm
- When thick, it forms a cervical plug that physically impedes sperm penetration
- Supplements the energy needs of sperm
- Cervix and mucus also play a role in capacitation, rendering sperm competent to fertilize an oocyte
Vagina
- Fibromuscular canal extending from the exterior of the body to the uterine cervix
- Mucosa continuous with uterine mucosa
- Decomposition of glycogen makes an acidic environment hostile to microbes and sperm
- Alkaline components of semen raise pH
- Functions as a passageway for spermatozoa and menstrual flow
- Also the receptacle of the penis during sexual intercourse and the lower portion of the birth canal
Vulva or Pudendum (External Female Genitalia)
- Mons pubis (fatty pad cushions pubic symphysis)
- Labia majora (homologous to scrotum)
- Labia minora (homologous to spongy urethra)
- Clitoris (small mass of erectile tissue and numerous nerves/blood vessels, homologous to glans penis)
- Vestibule (region between labia minora)
- Bulb of the vestibule (2 elongated masses of erectile tissue on either side of vaginal orifice)
Perineum
- Diamond-shaped area medial to thighs and buttocks in both males and females
- Contains external genitalia and anus
- During childbirth, the emerging fetus may cause excessive stretching and tearing of the perineum
Mammary Glands
- Modified sudoriferous glands that produce milk (lactation)
- 15-20 lobes divided into lobules composed of alveoli (milk-secreting glands)
- Milk-secreting glands open by lactiferous ducts at the nipple
- Areola (pigmented area surrounding the nipple)
The Female Reproductive Cycle
- Encompasses ovarian and uterine cycles, hormonal changes that regulate them, and related changes in breast and cervix
- Controlled by the monthly hormone cycle of the anterior pituitary, hypothalamus, and ovary
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Description
This quiz covers the components and functions of the female reproductive system, including ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, and external organs. It also explains the role of ovaries in producing gametes and hormones.
