Reproductive, Urinary, Endocrine Quiz

The process of producing eggs (oocytes) for fertilization. This is one of the primary functions of the ovaries.

Hormones secreted by the ovaries that support sexual and reproductive development. It is responsible for female characteristics like breast development and menstrual cycles.

A hormone produced by the ovaries that mainly prepares the uterus for pregnancy. It plays a crucial role in maintaining the uterine lining during pregnancy.

Structures within the ovaries that contain oocytes at different stages of maturation. They are like little bags surrounding and nurturing the developing eggs.

The innermost layer of the uterine wall where implantation of a fertilized egg occurs and undergoes changes throughout the menstrual cycle. It's like the welcoming mat for the baby.

The muscular layer of the uterus responsible for contractions during labor and menstruation. It helps push the baby out during labor and sheds the lining during periods.

The upper portion of the uterus above the fallopian tube openings. It's like the rooftop of the uterus.

The process of expelling urine from the bladder.

The functional unit of the kidney, responsible for urine formation.

The network of capillaries within the nephron where filtration occurs.

Surrounds the glomerulus, collecting the filtrate, and connecting to the proximal convoluted tubule.

The portion of the nephron that collects filtrate from the Bowman's capsule and empties into the collecting system.

The part of the nephron primarily responsible for reabsorption of essential substances.

The portion of the nephron that descends into the medulla.

The loop-shaped structure of the nephron that plays a vital role in regulating water and ion concentration.

The portion of the nephron that ascends back towards the cortex and continues to adjust the filtrate.

Regulates the final concentration of urine, receiving filtrate from the distal convoluted tubules.

The male reproductive hormone, testosterone, is produced and secreted by the testes in response to luteinizing hormone (LH) from the anterior pituitary.

Assigned female at birth: Single, short segment with epithelium transitioning from transitional to stratified squamous. Assigned male at birth: Composed of three segments (prostatic, membranous, and spongy) that are shared with the reproductive tract. The epithelium transition changes from transitional to pseudostratified columnar to stratified squamous.

A ring of smooth muscle that surrounds the urethra and helps maintain continence.

A ring of skeletal muscle that surrounds the urethra and allows for voluntary control of urination.

Organs of the Urinary System (retroperitoneal organs):

• Kidneys: monitor and process blood contents to form urine.
• Ureters: transport urine from kidneys to bladder.
• Urinary Bladder: stores urine before urination.
• Urethra: expels urine from the bladder.

The kidneys are found behind the peritoneum (peritoneal cavity), meaning they are located outside of the abdomen’s lining.

The kidneys are protected by four layers of connective tissue:

• Paranephric fat
• Renal Fascia
• Perinephric Fat
• Fibrous Capsule

Blood enters the kidney through the renal artery and flows through a series of vessels:

1. Abdominal aorta
2. Renal artery
3. Segmental arteries
4. Interlobar arteries
5. Arcuate arteries
6. Cortical radiate arteries
7. Afferent arterioles
8. Glomerulus
9. Efferent arterioles
10. Peritubular capillaries
11. Cortical radiate veins
12. Arcuate veins
13. Interlobar veins
14. Inferior vena cava This pathway allows the blood to be filtered and urine to be formed by the kidneys.

During the storage phase of urination, the sympathetic nervous system is dominant, keeping the bladder relaxed and the sphincters closed, preventing urination.

Hormones bind to specific receptor proteins on or in the target cells.

Binding of hormones to receptors activates intracellular signaling molecules.

Activated signaling molecules alter target proteins, leading to physiological responses.

Derived from ammonia.

Short chains of amino acids (up to 100 residues).

Proteins with attached carbohydrate groups.

Derived from cholesterol.

Secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream (e.g., pituitary, adrenal).

Secrete substances into ducts leading to an external or internal surface (e.g., salivary glands)

Hormones that stimulate the release of other hormones from target glands.

The hormone secreted by the thyroid gland that primarily regulates metabolic rate and energy use in the body.

Hormones produced by the adrenal cortex that regulate mineral balance, primarily by controlling sodium and potassium levels in the body.

Hormones produced by the adrenal cortex that are primarily involved in stress response and glucose regulation.

Hormones produced by the pancreas that play a crucial role in blood sugar control and energy metabolism. Insulin lowers blood sugar, while glucagon raises it.

The hormone produced by the parathyroid gland that plays a key role in maintaining calcium levels within the body.

The process by which oocytes (eggs) mature and are released from the ovaries.

Small structures within the ovaries that contain oocytes at various stages of development.

The top portion of the uterus above the fallopian tube openings, often where the embryo first attaches.

The narrow tube connecting the body of the uterus to the cervix, a critical passage for the fertilized egg.

The lower portion of the uterus that connects to the vagina, playing a crucial role in childbirth.

The permanent layer of the endometrium that connects it to the myometrium.

The layer of the endometrium that changes in thickness during the menstrual cycle in response to hormones.

The location where sperm are produced.

The location where sperm mature and are stored.

The tubes that transport sperm from the epididymis to the ejaculatory ducts.

The location where sperm mix with seminal fluid.

A gland that surrounds the urethra and adds prostatic fluid to the semen, which helps nourish sperm.

The cells that produce testosterone.

The tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body. It is shorter in females and longer in males.

The protective layer of connective tissue surrounding the kidney. It provides strength and resistance to stretching and helps prevent damage.

The phase of urination controlled by the parasympathetic nervous system, where the bladder muscle contracts and the sphincters relax to allow urination.

The process of filtering blood to remove waste products from the body. This occurs in a specialized structure called the nephron.

Hormone produced by the pancreas that increases blood glucose levels by stimulating glycogen breakdown and glucose release from the liver. It also promotes fatty acid release from adipose tissue.

The 'command hub' of the endocrine system, connecting the brain to hormone systems. It plays a crucial role in regulating hormone release and controlling many bodily functions.

A tiny blood system connecting the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary. It acts as the pathway for releasing hormones that regulate anterior pituitary activity.

The portion of the pituitary gland that releases hormones directly from the hypothalamus, including oxytocin and ADH.

The portion of the pituitary gland that receives signals from the hypothalamus via releasing hormones and responds by releasing stimulating hormones that control various body functions.

Hypothalamic hormone that triggers the anterior pituitary to release TSH. TSH then stimulates the thyroid to produce T3 and T4.

Hormone produced by the adrenal cortex that regulates sodium and potassium balance in the body, primarily by controlling their reabsorption and excretion in the kidneys.

Hormone produced by the adrenal cortex that plays a central role in the body's stress response, primarily by increasing blood glucose levels for the brain and reducing inflammation.

Hormone produced by the pancreas that lowers blood glucose levels by promoting glucose uptake and storage in cells.

The hormone produced by specialized cells in the thyroid gland that helps regulate blood calcium levels, primarily by inhibiting osteoclasts and reducing bone resorption.

Hormone produced by Beta cells in the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas that controls blood glucose levels.