Reproductive Pathology

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What are the potential causes of acute endometritis?

Acute endometritis may be caused by bacterial infections that arise after delivery or miscarriage (puerperal sepsis) or by sexually transmitted diseases such as chlamydial or gonococcal infections.

What is the definition of puerperal sepsis?

Puerperal sepsis is the acute suppurative inflammation of the uterus after labor or abortion, mainly due to retained blood clots or placental fragments.

How does puerperal sepsis occur and what are its main causes?

Puerperal sepsis is caused by pyogenic bacteria such as streptococcus hemolyticus or E. coli. Bacteria reach the endometrium mainly through ascending infection from contaminated instruments or gloves, or less commonly spread from other organs.

What are the potential complications of puerperal sepsis?

Complications of puerperal sepsis may include severe toxemia and septicemia, septic thrombophlebitis causing pyemia, and the spread of infection to the parametrium and tubes causing parametritis and salpingitis. Signup and view all the answers

Explain the pathogenesis of endometriosis and the proposed theories to explain it.

The pathogenesis of endometriosis is unknown, but proposed theories include the regurgitation theory, the metaplastic theory, and the lymphatic or vascular dissemination theory. Signup and view all the answers

What are the sites frequently involved in endometriosis?

Endometriosis frequently involves pelvic structures (Douglas pouch, uterine ligaments, and fallopian tubes), ovaries, peritoneal cavity, periumbilical tissue, and rarely lymph nodes, lungs, or bone. Signup and view all the answers

What are the complications of endometriosis?

Complications of endometriosis include painful menstruation (dysmenorrhea), pain on defecation or painful intercourse (dyspareunia), and adhesions around the tubes causing infertility. Signup and view all the answers

What is chronic endometritis and what are its associated disorders?

Chronic endometritis is associated with chronic pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) and intrauterine contraceptive devices. It is diagnosed based on the identification of plasma cells in the stroma, which are not seen in normal endometrium. Signup and view all the answers

What are the possible causes and clinical presentation of chronic tuberculous endometritis?

Chronic tuberculous endometritis can be caused by miliary spread or drainage of tuberculous salpingitis. It may present as abnormal bleeding, pain, discharge, and infertility. Signup and view all the answers

What is adenomyosis and what are its gross and microscopic characteristics?

Adenomyosis is a down growth of endometrium and its entrapment deep within the myometrium. It is characterized by an enlarged uterus with thick myometrium showing trabeculations and hemorrhagic foci. Microscopically, it shows foci of endometrial glands and stroma with hemorrhage or endometrial stroma only. Signup and view all the answers

What are the complications of adenomyosis?

Complications of adenomyosis include menorrhagia and dysmenorrhea. Signup and view all the answers

What are the possible causes of chronic specific inflammations of the endometrium?

Chronic specific inflammations of the endometrium can include tuberculosis and bilharziasis. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main cause of acute endometritis due to puerperal sepsis?

Retained blood clots or placental fragments (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic microscopic feature of the endometrium in acute septic endometritis?

Inflammation rich in neutrophils and pus cells (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main route through which bacteria reach the endometrium causing puerperal sepsis?

Ascending infection from contaminated instruments or gloves (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the gross appearance of the uterus in acute puerperal sepsis?

Large (subinvoluted), soft with shreddy (purulent) yellowish endometrium (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main cause of septic thrombophlebitis in puerperal sepsis?

Presence of septic thrombi in the veins (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main cause of spread of infection to the parametrium and tubes in puerperal sepsis?

Ascending infection from contaminated instruments or gloves (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the potential complication caused by septic thrombophlebitis in puerperal sepsis?

Pyemia (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common site of involvement for endometriosis?

Peritoneal cavity (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the proposed theory to explain endometriosis involving menstrual backflow through the fallopian tubes?

The regurgitation theory (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic appearance of blood-filled cysts formed in the ovaries due to endometriosis?

Brown (A) Signup and view all the answers

How is the diagnosis of chronic endometritis confirmed?

Identification of plasma cells in the stroma (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the most important complication of chronic tuberculous endometritis?

Infertility (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of adenomyosis?

Down growth of endometrium and its entrapment deep within the myometrium (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic microscopic finding for the diagnosis of endometriosis?

Endometrial stroma (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the likely cause of chronic specific inflammations of the endometrium involving tuberculosis?

Miliary spread (B) Signup and view all the answers

Reproductive Pathology

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Questions and Answers

What are the potential causes of acute endometritis?

What is the definition of puerperal sepsis?

How does puerperal sepsis occur and what are its main causes?

What are the potential complications of puerperal sepsis?

Explain the pathogenesis of endometriosis and the proposed theories to explain it.

What are the sites frequently involved in endometriosis?

What are the complications of endometriosis?

What is chronic endometritis and what are its associated disorders?

What are the possible causes and clinical presentation of chronic tuberculous endometritis?

What is adenomyosis and what are its gross and microscopic characteristics?

What are the complications of adenomyosis?

What are the possible causes of chronic specific inflammations of the endometrium?

What is the main cause of acute endometritis due to puerperal sepsis?

What is the characteristic microscopic feature of the endometrium in acute septic endometritis?

What is the main route through which bacteria reach the endometrium causing puerperal sepsis?

What is the gross appearance of the uterus in acute puerperal sepsis?

What is the main cause of septic thrombophlebitis in puerperal sepsis?

What is the main cause of spread of infection to the parametrium and tubes in puerperal sepsis?

What is the potential complication caused by septic thrombophlebitis in puerperal sepsis?

What is the most common site of involvement for endometriosis?

What is the proposed theory to explain endometriosis involving menstrual backflow through the fallopian tubes?

What is the characteristic appearance of blood-filled cysts formed in the ovaries due to endometriosis?

How is the diagnosis of chronic endometritis confirmed?

What is the most important complication of chronic tuberculous endometritis?

What is the definition of adenomyosis?

What is the characteristic microscopic finding for the diagnosis of endometriosis?

What is the likely cause of chronic specific inflammations of the endometrium involving tuberculosis?

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