Reproductive Hormones: Roles of Estrogen, Progesterone

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Questions and Answers

Which hormone is primarily responsible for the development of male secondary sexual characteristics?

  • Estrogen
  • Testosterone (correct)
  • Oxytocin
  • Progesterone

What is the primary function of progesterone in the female reproductive system?

  • Promoting the development of male traits
  • Triggering milk production
  • Simulating ovulation
  • Maintaining the uterine lining during pregnancy (correct)

Which female sex hormone is responsible for the development of typical female sexual characteristics?

  • Estrogen (correct)
  • Progesterone
  • Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
  • Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

What is the role of estrogen and progesterone in the female reproductive system? Estrogen ______

<p>helps thicken the uterine lining, while progesterone maintains the lining for pregnancy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between testosterone and estrogen in reproductive functions?

<p>Testosterone regulates sperm production, while estrogen prepares the uterus for pregnancy. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements correctly explains the roles of testosterone, LH, and FSH in the male reproductive system?

<p>LH stimulates the production of testosterone, while FSH helps in sperm production and maturation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does estrogen affect the female reproductive system?

<p>Thickens the uterine lining for potential pregnancy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does testosterone secretion affect the development of an organism during puberty? It ______

<p>stimulates the development of secondary sexual characteristics such as facial hair and a deeper voice in males.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of estrogen secretion on the development of A female reproductive system? It ______

<p>promotes the development of secondary sexual characteristics such as breast development and widening of the hips.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which refers to the "period" that occurs in females where. fertilization takes place?

<p>Ovulation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which phase of the menstrual cycle is characterized by the thickening of the uterine lining in preparation for potential pregnancy?

<p>Follicular phase (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What takes place during menstrual phase? The ______

<p>uterine lining sheds and exits the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone keeps the uterine lining thick during the luteal phase

<p>Estrogen (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Alexa wonders how hormonal changes during the menstrual cycle affect the body. Which sequence of hormone actions best fits the scenario?

<p>Estrogen helps thicken the uterine lining, LH triggers ovulation, and progesterone maintains the lining for potential pregnancy. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of a feedback mechanism in the body? To ______

<p>maintain homeostasis by regulating biological processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does a negative feedback mechanism regulate estrogen levels during the menstrual cycle?

<p>High estrogen levels inhibit the release of Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) to prevent excessive follicle growth. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which is an example positive feedback mechanism in the female reproductive system?

<p>A surge in LH triggered by ang estrogen levels to induce ovulation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which are the two main divisions of the nervous system?

<p>Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Central Nervous System (CNS) consist of?

<p>Brain and spinal cord (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which subdivision of the Peripheral Nervous System controls voluntary movements?

<p>Somatic Nervous System (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which BEST explains how the nervous system divisions worked together during this event? The

<p>Autonomic NS increased breathing, somatic NS moved foot (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which function of the nervous system involves detecting changes in the environment through sensory receptors?

<p>Sensation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best explains how the nervous system processes this event?

<p>Sensation: Your skin detects the sharpness of the rock Integration: Your brain identifies the sensation as pain Response: Your muscles contract (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which BEST describes the role of the nervous system in maintaining homeostasis? it ______

<p>regulates body temperature by controlling sweating and shivering</p> Signup and view all the answers

A person walks outside on a cold day without a jacket. His body begins to shiver to maintain a stable internal temperature. Which of the following best explains how the nervous system helps coordinate this response to maintain homeostasis?

<ul> <li>Sensory neurons detect cold and signal the brain.</li> <li>The brain sends signals to muscles to shiver.</li> <li>Shivering generates heat to restore temperature. (A)</li> </ul> Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the condition when all parts of the body function in harmony with each other?

<p>homeostasis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Anna has been jogging on a hot day and starts to sweat heavily. The following best explains how sweating helps her body maintain homeostasis? Sweating ______

<p>releases heat through evaporation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which other term refers to a nerve cell?

<p>neuron (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the nervous system contribute to negative feedback mechanisms in the body? By ______

<p>detecting changes and activating systems that restore balance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of band holds complimentary nitrogenous bases together in a DNA molecule?

<p>hydrogen bond (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme is primarily responsible for unwinding the DNA double helix during replication?

<p>Helicase (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following sequences of DNA bases is complementary to the sequence: ATC-GTG-CCC?

<p>TAG-CAC-GGG (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the complementary RNA base pairing rule during transcription?

<p>A pairs with U, and C pairs with G (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During DNA replication, which of the following correctly describes the role of polymerase? It ______

<p>synthesizes a new strand by adding complementary nucleotides.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of mRNA in protein synthesis? It______

<p>carries the genetic code from the DNA to the ribosome for protein synthesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is tRNA important in protein synthesis during translation? It ______

<p>transports amino acids to build protein.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which is a stop codon?

<p>UAG (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which is the correct order of events that take place during the synthesis of a specific protein? I. Amino acids are bonded together. II. Messenger RNA attaches to a ribosome. III. Transfer RNA bonds to a specific codon. IV. RNA exits from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. V. DNA serves as a template for the production of RNA.

<p>V-IV-II-III-I (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do you call the change in a gene due to damage or being copied incorrectly?

<p>mutation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of DNA mutation involves the substitution of one nucleotide for another?

<p>Substitution (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a frameshift mutation? It ______

<p>introduces an abnormal sequence of amino acids,</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which substance is least likely to cause changes in DNA?

<p>radiation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following would be the corresponding mRNA codon if the DNA template reads "ATA"?

<p>UAU (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When does gene mutation occur? During

<p>DNA replication (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method can help determine the age of fossils?

<p>Measuring the amount of carbon-14 in the fossil. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the similarity in function between the bats and birds' wings despite their different bone structures suggest about their evolutionary relationship? The

<p>bats and birds evolved independently. Their wings adapted to serve similar functions in response to similar environmental challenges. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which BEST describes homologous structures? Structures that ______

<p>are similar in origin and structure, but may serve different functions in different organisms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which BEST describes the Theory of Natural Selection?

<p>In nature, the organism with necessary characteristics may survive, while those with weaker traits may not (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which BEST explains how giraffes evolved according to Lamarck's theory? Giraffes_

<p>stretched their necks to reach higher leaves, and this acquired trait was inherited by their offspring. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does adaptation promote in a species? To

<p>increase the chances of survival and reproduction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Testosterone

A hormone responsible for male secondary sexual characteristics and sperm production.

Progesterone

A hormone that maintains the uterine lining during pregnancy.

Estrogen

A hormone that develops female sexual characteristics and regulates the menstrual cycle.

Menstrual Cycle Functions

Estrogen thins the uterine lining while progesterone maintains it post-ovulation.

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LH and FSH

Hormones that regulate testosterone production and sperm maturation in males.

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Ovulation Phase

The phase when a mature egg is released from the ovary.

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Luteal Phase

Characterized by the thickening of the uterine lining for potential pregnancy.

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Negative Feedback Mechanism

Regulates hormone levels to maintain homeostasis by inhibiting excess production.

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Positive Feedback Mechanism

A process that enhances change in the hormone levels leading to an outcome, like ovulation.

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Sensation Processing

The nervous system detects changes through sensory receptors, leading to a response.

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Homeostasis

Stable internal conditions maintained by the nervous system through feedback mechanisms.

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Nervous System Functions

Detects changes, integrates information, and coordinates responses to maintain homeostasis.

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Hydrogen Bond

Weak bonds that hold complementary nitrogenous bases together in DNA.

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Polymerase Role

An enzyme that synthesizes a new strand of DNA by adding complementary nucleotides.

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mRNA Function

Carries the genetic code from DNA to ribosomes for protein synthesis.

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tRNA Importance

Transfers amino acids to the ribosome for building proteins.

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Codon

A sequence of three nucleotides that corresponds to an amino acid during protein synthesis.

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Mutation Definition

A change in a gene due to damage or replication errors.

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Frameshift Mutation

A mutation that alters the reading frame of the genetic sequence.

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DNA Transcription

The process where DNA is copied into mRNA.

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Natural Selection

The process where organisms best suited to their environment survive and reproduce.

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Homologous Structures

Structures that share a common origin but may serve different functions in different species.

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Analogous Structures

Structures in different organisms that perform the same function but have different origins.

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Feedback Mechanism Purpose

To maintain homeostasis by regulating biological processes.

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Gene Mutation Causes

Mutations can result from replication errors, environmental factors, or DNA damage.

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Carbon-14 Dating

A method for determining the age of fossils by measuring carbon-14 levels.

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Evolutionary Relationships

The idea that species with similar traits may have shared ancestors or evolved due to similar environments.

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Adaptation Purpose

Enhances a species' chances of survival and reproduction in an environment.

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Response to External Stimuli

The nervous system's way of reacting to external changes, like stepping on a sharp object.

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Enzyme Function in DNA Replication

Enzymes like helicase unwind the DNA double helix for replication.

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RNA Base Pairing Rule

A pairs with U, and C pairs with G during transcription.

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Study Notes

Hormone Functions in Male and Female Reproductive Systems

  • Testosterone is primarily responsible for male secondary sexual characteristics development.
  • Progesterone's primary function in the female reproductive system is maintaining the uterine lining after ovulation, in preparation for pregnancy.
  • Estrogen plays a key role in regulating the menstrual cycle and preparing the female body for pregnancy by thickening the uterine lining during the first half of the menstrual cycle.
  • Estrogen promotes the release of eggs.
  • Progesterone thickens the uterine lining.
  • Progesterone helps maintain the lining for potential implantation.

Hormone Roles in the Male Reproductive System

  • Testosterone regulates sperm production.
  • LH stimulates testosterone production.
  • FSH helps with sperm production and maturation.
  • LH promotes the growth of male reproductive organs.

Hormone Roles in the Female Reproductive System

  • Estrogen thickens the uterine lining in preparation for pregnancy.
  • Estrogen causes uterine lining to shed when no fertilization occurs.
  • LH causes ovulation.
  • Progesterone maintains the uterine lining for pregnancy.
  • Progesterone causes the shedding of uterine lining when no implantation occurs.

Mechanisms of Hormonal Control

  • A negative feedback mechanism regulates estrogen levels during the menstrual cycle, where high estrogen levels inhibit the release of follicle-stimulating hormone(FSH).
  • Positive feedback mechanisms in the female reproductive system include LH surge triggered by estrogen levels to induce ovulation.

Nervous System

  • The nervous system (NS) has two main divisions: Central Nervous System (CNS) and Peripheral Nervous System (PNS).
  • The CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord.
  • The Somatic Nervous System in the PNS, regulates voluntary movements.
  • The nervous system regulates body temperature by controlling sweating and shivering.
  • Sensory neurons detect changes and signal the brain, while motor nerves allow for actions like lifting a foot.
  • The nervous system ensures homeostasis through multiple actions.
  • The nervous system's involvement in detecting environmental changes through sensory receptors is called sensation.

Homeostasis Maintenance

  • Homeostasis refers to the body maintaining a stable internal balance.
  • Sweating helps maintain homeostasis by releasing heat through evaporation.
  • Hormones are regulated during body function in harmony with each other.
  • The nervous system plays a key role in maintaining homeostasis via sensory signals, and activating/controlling bodily responses to maintain internal balance.

DNA Structure and Replication

  • Hydrogen bonds hold complimentary nitrogenous bases together in DNA.
  • Helicase unwinds the DNA double helix during replication.
  • DNA polymerase synthesizes a new strand by adding complimentary nucleotides.

Protein Synthesis

  • mRNA carries the genetic code from the DNA to ribosomes for protein synthesis.
  • tRNA transports amino acids to build proteins.
  • Ribosomes catalyze the formation of peptide bonds between amino acids.
  • Stop codons signal protein synthesis termination.

Gene Mutations

  • A mutation is a change in a gene due to damage or errors during copying.
  • Mutations can occur during DNA replication.

Evolutionary Biology

  • Natural selection, where organisms with advantageous traits survive in their environment, promotes adaptations in species.

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