Female Reproductive System Overview
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Female Reproductive System Overview

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@WellManneredRadium4817

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Questions and Answers

What hormone is primarily suppressed by contraception methods?

  • Oxytocin
  • Luteinizing hormone (LH) (correct)
  • Testosterone
  • Estrogen

    • What is the main task of the female reproductive system?

  • Producing gametes and facilitating procreation (correct)
  • Producing insulin
  • Transmitting nerve signals
  • Regulating blood pressure

    • What defines a woman's reproductive years?

  • Between menarche and menopause. (correct)
  • During menopause.
  • From birth to menarche.
  • From conception to birth.

    • What type of epithelium is found in the endocervix?

    <p>Simple columnar epithelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long does a typical gestation period last?

    <p>9 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process follows fertilization of the egg?

    <p>Gestation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What influences the proliferation of epithelial mucosa cells in the vagina?

    <p>Presence or absence of estrogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the transformation zone in the female reproductive system?

    <p>Most common site for cervical cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary role of estrogen throughout the reproductive cycle?

    <p>Exerting negative feedback on the hypothalamus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to primary oocytes during the menstrual cycle?

    <p>They remain arrested in prophase I until menarche.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of GnRH during ovulation?

    <p>It increases LH surge frequency.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the structure that forms after a Graafian follicle expels its ovum?

    <p>Corpus luteum.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of the menstrual cycle is characterized by low serum levels of estradiol and progesterone?

    <p>Follicular phase.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What marks the beginning of the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle?

    <p>LH surge.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During fertilization, what stage does an oocyte resume meiosis?

    <p>Metaphase II.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The area medial to the labia minora, which includes the urethra and vaginal openings, is known as?

    <p>Vulvar vestibule.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure in the fallopian tubes helps in capturing the expelled oocyte?

    <p>Fimbria.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is characterized by the transition from columnar to squamous epithelium in the cervix?

    <p>Transformation zone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of the menstrual cycle does the endometrial lining thicken in preparation for potential implantation?

    <p>Luteal phase.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs approximately 36 hours after the LH surge?

    <p>The oocyte is released from the dominant follicle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormone does the corpus luteum primarily release?

    <p>Progesterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of infertility?

    <p>Failure to achieve pregnancy after 1 year of unprotected intercourse.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is fecundability?

    <p>The ability to conceive.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factors can lead to infertility?

    <p>Both female and male factors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormone maintains the corpus luteum if fertilization occurs?

    <p>Chorionic gonadotropin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of progesterone in the menstrual cycle?

    <p>Promoting the formation of the secretory endometrium.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage represents the probability of conceiving during timed intercourse?

    <p>16% to 28%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the most common female factor leading to infertility?

    <p>Endometriosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to estradiol and progesterone levels if fertilization does not occur?

    <p>They decline.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs to most oogonia after forming primary oocytes?

    <p>They perish with few surviving as primary oocytes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary site for cervical cancer sampling?

    <p>Transformation zone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which stage are oocytes arrested at the time of fertilization?

    <p>Metaphase II</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does estrogen play in the proliferation of epithelial mucosa cells in the vagina?

    <p>Influences cell proliferation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure surrounds each primary oocyte in the ovary?

    <p>Granulosa and theca cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these organs facilitates menstruation and procreation?

    <p>Female reproductive system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the cervix in the female reproductive system?

    <p>Acts as a conduit between the uterus and vagina</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What typically occurs during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle?

    <p>Secretion of progesterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the dominant follicle after ovulation if fertilization does not occur?

    <p>It degenerates into a corpus albicans.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between ovulation and the release of luteinizing hormone (LH)?

    <p>Ovulation occurs after the LH surge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What signifies the transition from the follicular phase to the luteal phase in the menstrual cycle?

    <p>LH surge occurs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of estradiol during the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle?

    <p>Stimulating follicular maturation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs to the female reproductive organs during puberty?

    <p>Breast tissue and mammary duct development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure within the fallopian tubes aids in the movement of the oocyte towards the uterus?

    <p>Fimbria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is accurate about the function of the hypothalamus in the female reproductive system?

    <p>It regulates gonadotropin-releasing hormone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What layer of the uterus is the body of the uterus known as?

    <p>Corpus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the ovary during the reproductive years from menarche to menopause?

    <p>Production of gametes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is gestation defined in relation to infant development?

    <p>Duration of pregnancy until birth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers the thickening of the endometrium during the menstrual cycle?

    <p>Increasing estradiol levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the corpus luteum if fertilization does not occur?

    <p>It degenerates into the corpus albicans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the corpus luteum if fertilization does occur?

    <p>It is maintained by chorionic gonadotropin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of progesterone released by the corpus luteum?

    <p>Inhibits the release of LH and FSH.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines primary infertility?

    <p>Never having conceived a child.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common female factor leading to infertility?

    <p>Ovulatory disorders.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the probability range of conceiving during timed intercourse?

    <p>16% to 28%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs approximately 36 hours after the LH surge?

    <p>The oocyte is expelled from the follicle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to estradiol and progesterone levels if fertilization does not occur?

    <p>They decline.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone surge is primarily responsible for ovulation?

    <p>LH.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of chorionic gonadotropin after fertilization?

    <p>Maintains the corpus luteum.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines fecundability?

    <p>The ability to conceive.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs approximately 36 hours after the LH surge?

    <p>The oocyte is released from the dominant follicle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary hormone released by the corpus luteum?

    <p>Progesterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is not considered a common female cause of infertility?

    <p>Asthma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is meant by fecundability?

    <p>The ease of conceiving given optimal conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If fertilization occurs, which hormone is released by the implanted oocyte?

    <p>Chorionic gonadotropin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What typically happens to estradiol and progesterone levels if fertilization does not occur?

    <p>They both decline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines primary infertility?

    <p>Individuals who have never conceived</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the probability of conceiving during timed intercourse (ovulation)?

    <p>16% to 28%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common procedure by which infertility can be diagnosed?

    <p>Pelvic ultrasound</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs to LH levels if fertilization does occur?

    <p>They decline significantly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What ensures that a federal government website is secure?

    <p>The presence of https://</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is primarily produced by the female reproductive system?

    <p>Gametes (eggs or ova)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What typically happens during the menstrual cycle?

    <p>Ovulation occurs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the transformation zone in the female reproductive system primarily consist of?

    <p>Squamocolumnar epithelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what point does a woman typically experience menopause?

    <p>After 12 consecutive months without menstruation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What leads to the expulsion of the ovum from the Graafian follicle?

    <p>Surge in LH levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does estrogen play in the female reproductive system?

    <p>Promotes blood flow to tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of the menstrual cycle immediately follows ovulation?

    <p>Luteal phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What typically occurs during gestation?

    <p>Embryos develop into mature fetuses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The area where the urethra and vaginal openings are located is referred to as?

    <p>Vulvar vestibule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does contraception have on hormone release?

    <p>Suppresses gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the breast tissue during puberty?

    <p>It develops mammary ducts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is responsible for progesterone secretion after fertilization?

    <p>Corpus luteum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the cervix?

    <p>Acts as a barrier during pregnancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the primary oocyte at the time of fertilization?

    <p>It completes meiosis II</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When does menarche typically occur?

    <p>During puberty</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle?

    <p>Increasing estradiol and FSH levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the fallopian tubes?

    <p>To transport oocytes to the uterus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs when no fertilization takes place after ovulation?

    <p>The endometrial lining is shed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the uterus is the fundus?

    <p>Superior aspect of the uterine corpus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary event triggered by the LH surge during ovulation?

    <p>Expulsion of the ovum from the follicle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what stage are oocytes arrested at the time of ovulation?

    <p>Metaphase II</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily surrounds each primary oocyte in the ovary?

    <p>Granulosa cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of the menstrual cycle begins after the LH surge?

    <p>Luteal phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the fimbria in the fallopian tubes?

    <p>Capture expelled oocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily indicates the security of a federal government website?

    <p>Use of 'https://'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What marks the completion of meiosis I in oocytes?

    <p>Becoming a Graafian follicle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the transformation zone in the female reproductive system?

    <p>Site of Pap tests</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines the end of the follicular phase in the menstrual cycle?

    <p>Ovulation occurs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers the regular expulsion of ova from the ovaries?

    <p>The menstrual cycle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is primarily responsible for maintaining the corpus luteum after fertilization?

    <p>Progesterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during menarche?

    <p>First menstrual bleeding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of the female reproductive years?

    <p>From menstruation to menopause</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the endometrium if fertilization does not occur?

    <p>It is shed during menstruation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical duration of gestation in humans?

    <p>9 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary effect of estrogen in the female reproductive system?

    <p>Promotes proliferation of epithelial cells in the vagina</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the corpus luteum if fertilization occurs?

    <p>It continues to produce hormones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does contraception aim to inhibit in the female reproductive system?

    <p>GnRH release from the hypothalamus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the female reproductive cycle, what is the typical function of progesterone?

    <p>Thicken the endometrial lining</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of epithelium does the vagina proliferate in response to estrogen?

    <p>Stratified squamous epithelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What event occurs approximately 36 hours after the LH surge?

    <p>Oocyte release from the dominant follicle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the corpus luteum following ovulation?

    <p>To release progesterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormone maintains the corpus luteum if fertilization occurs?

    <p>Chorionic gonadotropin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common cause of female infertility, ranked highest in prevalence?

    <p>Ovulatory disorders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the ability to conceive?

    <p>Fecundability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If fertilization does not occur, what happens to progesterone levels?

    <p>They decline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage represents the average likelihood of conceiving during timed intercourse?

    <p>16% to 28%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of infertility in a clinical context?

    <p>Failure to achieve pregnancy after 1 year</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to LH and FSH levels following the release of progesterone by the corpus luteum?

    <p>Both decrease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is primary infertility?

    <p>Failure to achieve pregnancy after 1 year in those who have never conceived</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process does estrogen exert on the hypothalamus during ovulation?

    <p>Positive feedback to increase GnRH pulse frequency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what stage are oocytes arrested at the time of fertilization?

    <p>Metaphase II</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the fallopian tube has the widest lumen?

    <p>Ampulla</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure surrounds each primary oocyte in the ovary?

    <p>Primordial follicle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the cervix in the female reproductive system?

    <p>Acting as a conduit between the vagina and uterus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of the menstrual cycle does the dominant follicle mature into a Graafian follicle?

    <p>Follicular phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ovarian structure that forms after ovulation and releases progesterone?

    <p>Corpus luteum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What specifically defines the ending of the luteal phase?

    <p>Menstrual bleeding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs to the dominant follicle if fertilization does not take place?

    <p>It regresses to a corpus albicans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormone surge triggers ovulation?

    <p>LH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What feature indicates that a website is official and secure?

    <p>.gov or .mil domain endings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What marks the end of a woman's reproductive years?

    <p>Menopause</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the female reproductive system?

    <p>Produce gametes and support fetal development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which epithelium is found in the transformation zone of the female reproductive system?

    <p>Squamocolumnar epithelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormone level is inhibited by contraceptive methods?

    <p>Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during the menstrual cycle's follicular phase?

    <p>Cyclical release of ova from the ovary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What develops in the breast during puberty?

    <p>Mammary duct system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long is the typical human gestation period?

    <p>9 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the major factor influencing the proliferation of epithelial mucosa cells in the vagina?

    <p>Presence of estrogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the corpus luteum if fertilization does not occur?

    <p>It disintegrates and forms a scar called corpus albicans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What event follows the LH surge in the menstrual cycle?

    <p>Oocyte release from the dominant follicle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What maintains the corpus luteum if fertilization occurs?

    <p>Chorionic gonadotropin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines primary infertility?

    <p>Never having conceived before</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is the most common female factor leading to infertility?

    <p>Ovulatory disorders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens if fertilization does not occur?

    <p>Progesterone and estradiol levels decline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the probability of conceiving during timed intercourse?

    <p>16% to 28%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of progesterone after ovulation?

    <p>Preparing the endometrium for implantation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to estradiol levels shortly before the LH surge?

    <p>They reach a critical level to induce the surge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of infertility applies to those who have conceived in the past but are now facing difficulties?

    <p>Secondary infertility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the likely effect of a blocked fallopian tube on fertility?

    <p>Prevention of oocyte transportation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the female reproductive system?

    <p>To produce and regulate sex hormones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone's release is primarily inhibited by contraception methods?

    <p>Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of the menstrual cycle does ovulation typically occur?

    <p>Ovulatory phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What initiates the LH surge during ovulation?

    <p>Elevated GnRH pulse frequency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What tissue type is most commonly sampled during Pap tests?

    <p>Squamocolumnar epithelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What typically signals the end of a woman's reproductive years?

    <p>Menopause</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of the menstrual cycle occurs after the Graafian follicle expels the ovum?

    <p>Luteal phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During what phase do oocytes resume meiosis in preparation for fertilization?

    <p>Metaphase II</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure develops after the ovum is expelled from the Graafian follicle?

    <p>Corpus luteum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of estrogen in the menstrual cycle?

    <p>To initiate follicle recruitment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure encloses the primary oocyte and participates in its development?

    <p>Primordial follicle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the fimbria in the female reproductive system?

    <p>Moving the oocyte into the fallopian tube</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What change occurs in the endometrial lining during the luteal phase?

    <p>It thickens in preparation for potential implantation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the endometrial lining if no fertilization occurs following ovulation?

    <p>It is shed during menstrual bleeding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does pregnancy typically influence the female reproductive hormones?

    <p>Maintains high levels of estrogen and progesterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure aids in capturing the expelled oocyte within the fallopian tubes?

    <p>Fimbriae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which area of the uterus is referred to as the fundus?

    <p>Superior aspect of the uterine corpus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to most primary oocytes during development?

    <p>They perish before birth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells proliferate around the oocyte during follicle maturation?

    <p>Granulosa cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily regulates the thickening of the endometrial lining during the menstrual cycle?

    <p>Estradiol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens approximately 36 hours after the LH surge?

    <p>The oocyte is released from the follicle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormone is released by the corpus luteum after ovulation?

    <p>Progesterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following defines primary infertility?

    <p>Inability to conceive without any prior pregnancies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of chorionic gonadotropin if fertilization occurs?

    <p>Maintain the corpus luteum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the probability of conceiving during timed intercourse according to studies?

    <p>16% to 28%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is the most common female factor leading to infertility?

    <p>Ovulatory disorders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to progesterone and estradiol levels if fertilization does not occur?

    <p>They decline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes the ability to conceive?

    <p>Fecundability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor can contribute to both female and male infertility?

    <p>Bacterial infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does the corpus luteum have on the release of LH and FSH?

    <p>Inhibits their release</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs to primary oocytes at menarche?

    <p>They remain in prophase I arrest.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the corpus luteum primarily secrete?

    <p>Progesterone and estradiol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the dominant follicle during ovulation?

    <p>It expels the ovum.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does fertilization typically take place in the female reproductive system?

    <p>Fallopian tube</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of fimbriae in the fallopian tubes?

    <p>To capture and transport the ovum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What marks the beginning of the follicular phase in the menstrual cycle?

    <p>Onset of menses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is primarily responsible for the secretion of hormones in the ovarian cycle?

    <p>Corpus luteum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle?

    <p>Declining levels of FSH and LH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the endometrium if fertilization does not occur?

    <p>It sheds during menstruation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone leads to the increase in GnRH pulse frequency during ovulation?

    <p>Estradiol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What initiates the cyclical expulsion of ova from the ovary during a woman's reproductive years?

    <p>Luteinizing Hormone (LH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which epithelium is primarily involved in the transformation zone of the cervix, commonly associated with cervical cancer?

    <p>Squamocolumnar epithelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of progesterone in the menstrual cycle?

    <p>Thickening the endometrial lining</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does contraception effectively prevent ovulation?

    <p>By suppressing Luteinizing Hormone (LH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What change occurs to the corpus luteum if fertilization does happen?

    <p>It remains active and produces hormones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the female reproductive system during the reproductive years?

    <p>Facilitating menstruation and procreation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the period of menarche in a woman's life?

    <p>Beginning of regular menstrual cycles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does the absence of estrogen have on the proliferation of epithelial cells in the vagina?

    <p>Decreases cell growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is gestation commonly referred to during the development of a fetus?

    <p>Pregnancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the primary hormones involved throughout most of the reproductive cycle?

    <p>Estrogen and progesterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs approximately 36 hours after the surge in LH levels?

    <p>The oocyte is released from the dominant follicle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is primarily responsible for maintaining the corpus luteum after fertilization occurs?

    <p>Chorionic gonadotropin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of progesterone released by the corpus luteum?

    <p>Inhibiting the release of FSH and LH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is defined as the inability to achieve pregnancy after one year of regular unprotected intercourse?

    <p>Infertility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which female factor is most commonly associated with infertility?

    <p>Endometriosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does fecundability play in conception?

    <p>It indicates the ability to conceive naturally</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the probability of conceiving during timed intercourse generally quantified?

    <p>16% to 28%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to LH and estradiol levels if fertilization does not occur?

    <p>Both gradually decline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors can contribute to infertility in both genders?

    <p>Male factor disorders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs if the corpus luteum degenerates due to declining hormone levels?

    <p>Menstruation begins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of the labia minora in the female reproductive system?

    <p>To protect the urethra and the entrance to the reproductive tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes the vagina in the female reproductive system?

    <p>A muscular canal that connects the external genitals to the uterus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which external structure covers the pubic bone after puberty?

    <p>Mons pubis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common misconception about the hymen?

    <p>It is an indicator of a woman's virginity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about the external female genitals is incorrect?

    <p>The labia majora are smaller than the labia minora.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of Lactobacillus in the vagina?

    <p>It maintains an acidic pH to protect against pathogens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the hymen in relation to the vaginal opening?

    <p>It serves as a barrier that can be ruptured.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes oogenesis?

    <p>It involves the division of primary oocytes into secondary oocytes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of douching in regards to vaginal health?

    <p>It may lead to an imbalance of healthy microorganisms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to primary oocytes during a female's reproductive years?

    <p>They remain dormant until ovulation occurs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process through which ovarian follicles develop and eventually lead to ovulation?

    <p>Folliculogenesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone primarily stimulates the growth of ovarian follicles?

    <p>Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of the ovarian cycle do the tertiary follicles begin to produce significant amounts of estrogen?

    <p>Follicular phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the death of ovarian follicles during their development?

    <p>Atresia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers the LH surge that leads to ovulation of the dominant follicle?

    <p>High levels of estrogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What layer of cells surrounds the primary oocyte in a primordial follicle?

    <p>Granulosa cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process that transforms the collapsed follicle into the corpus luteum after ovulation?

    <p>Luteinization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure is formed when the corpus luteum stops producing progesterone and degrades?

    <p>Corpus albicans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone triggers the degradation of structural proteins in the ovarian wall during ovulation?

    <p>Luteinizing hormone (LH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What anatomical part of the uterine tube is most commonly associated with fertilization?

    <p>Ampulla</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What key role does progesterone play during the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle?

    <p>Maintains pregnancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What layer of the uterine tubes is responsible for creating a current that helps move the oocyte toward the uterus?

    <p>Inner mucosa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) lead to infertility?

    <p>It causes scar tissue in the tubes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary context in which the cilia in the uterine tubes operate?

    <p>In response to estrogen levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What physiological change occurs due to high estrogen levels during the menstrual cycle?

    <p>Increased uterine tube contractions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure forms after the collapse of the follicle post-ovulation?

    <p>Corpus luteum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of progesterone during the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle?

    <p>To thicken the endometrial lining</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the impact of birth control pills?

    <p>They provide a constant level of estrogen and progesterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If fertilization does not occur, what is the fate of the corpus luteum?

    <p>It degrades into the corpus albicans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process of lactation primarily responsible for?

    <p>Supplying milk to an infant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the broad ligament in the female reproductive system?

    <p>It provides support for the uterus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of the uterus is primarily responsible for uterine contractions?

    <p>Myometrium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers the shedding of the stratum functionalis during menstruation?

    <p>Decline in progesterone levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase does the endometrium rebuild after menstruation?

    <p>Proliferative phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the stratum functionalis in the menstrual cycle?

    <p>It is shed during menstruation if implantation does not occur.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What marks the beginning of the menses phase of the menstrual cycle?

    <p>The first day of bleeding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormone is primarily responsible for maintaining the thickened endometrium during the luteal phase?

    <p>Progesterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When does the endometrial lining thicken in preparation for potential implantation?

    <p>During the proliferative phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs to the corpus luteum if fertilization does not take place?

    <p>It degrades and ceases progesterone production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average length of a woman's menstrual cycle?

    <p>28 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the vulva in the female reproductive system?

    <p>To serve as the external reproductive structures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure protects the urethra and the entrance to the female reproductive tract?

    <p>Labia minora</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the vagina serve in the female reproductive system?

    <p>It serves as a muscular canal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which anatomical structure is formed from the same cells as the glans penis?

    <p>Clitoris</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the hymen in the female reproductive system?

    <p>It can partially cover the vaginal entrance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the vaginal rugae?

    <p>To allow for the expansion of the vagina during intercourse and childbirth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers the resumption of meiosis in a primary oocyte?

    <p>The release of luteinizing hormone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process of oogenesis primarily responsible for?

    <p>The formation of female gametes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is responsible for secreting mucus to keep the vestibular area moist?

    <p>Bartholin’s glands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the majority of polar bodies produced during oogenesis?

    <p>They disintegrate and do not survive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process called when ovarian follicles undergo death during development?

    <p>Atresia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone primarily stimulates the growth of ovarian follicles?

    <p>Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What marks the transition from primordial to primary follicles in the ovarian cycle?

    <p>Granulosa cells become cuboidal and proliferate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the follicle that typically survives the reduction in FSH levels?

    <p>Dominant follicle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers the secretion of large amounts of LH and FSH in the ovarian cycle?

    <p>Surge in systemic estrogen concentrations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase follows the growth phase of tertiary follicles during the ovarian cycle?

    <p>Ovulation phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What event marks the release of the oocyte during the ovarian cycle?

    <p>Ovulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormone is primarily produced by the corpus luteum?

    <p>Progesterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase does progesterone exert negative feedback to suppress GnRH, LH, and FSH secretions?

    <p>Luteal phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure forms from the collapsed follicle after the oocyte has been released?

    <p>Corpus luteum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which section of the uterine tube is most commonly associated with fertilization?

    <p>Ampulla</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the oocyte move towards the uterus after being released from the ovary?

    <p>Contractions of smooth muscle and ciliary action</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the corpus luteum if fertilization does not occur?

    <p>It degenerates into the corpus albicans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the fimbriae at the end of the uterine tubes?

    <p>To capture and guide the oocyte into the tube</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs when high estrogen levels increase the uterine tube contractions?

    <p>They facilitate pick-up and transfer of the ovulated oocyte.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What marks the beginning of the secretory phase in the menstrual cycle?

    <p>Luteinization of granulosa cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the endometrial lining if no pregnancy occurs after ovulation?

    <p>It undergoes necrosis and is shed as menses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary action of birth control pills in regulating the menstrual cycle?

    <p>They provide a constant level of estrogen and progesterone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase follows the proliferative phase in a typical menstrual cycle?

    <p>Secretory phase.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of myoepithelial cells in the lactation process?

    <p>They contract to push milk into the lactiferous ducts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the broad ligament in the female reproductive system?

    <p>It serves as a primary support for the uterus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of the uterus is primarily responsible for contractions during labor?

    <p>Myometrium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of the menstrual cycle does the stratum functionalis shed?

    <p>Menses phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the stratum functionalis layer if fertilization does not occur?

    <p>It sheds during menstruation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormonal changes characterize the transition from the follicular phase to the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle?

    <p>Increase in progesterone and decrease in estrogen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do spiral arteries play during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle?

    <p>They supply the stratum functionalis with oxygenated blood.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first occurrence of menstruation after puberty called?

    <p>Menarche</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers the increase in estrogen levels during the proliferative phase?

    <p>Production from granulosa and theca cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of the endometrium is shed during menstruation?

    <p>Stratum functionalism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the endometrial tissue if there is no implantation?

    <p>It degenerates and is shed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the ovaries in the female reproductive system?

    <p>Production of oocytes and reproductive hormones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure serves as the protective entrance to the female reproductive tract?

    <p>Labia minora</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes the male and female reproductive systems in terms of location?

    <p>Female reproductive system is located primarily inside the pelvic cavity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the hymen in the female reproductive system?

    <p>To partially cover the entrance to the vagina</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the vagina is located closest to the uterus?

    <p>Fornix</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the death of ovarian follicles during folliculogenesis?

    <p>Atresia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone primarily stimulates the growth of follicles in the ovarian cycle?

    <p>FSH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which stage of folliculogenesis does the oocyte secrete the zona pellucida?

    <p>Secondary follicle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What initiates the positive feedback loop that leads to ovulation?

    <p>High concentrations of estrogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do theca cells play in the function of ovarian follicles?

    <p>Produce estrogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the Lactobacillus bacteria in the vagina?

    <p>To maintain an acidic pH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many follicles typically survive to become the dominant follicle in the ovarian cycle?

    <p>Only 1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of the ovary is primarily responsible for the development of oocytes?

    <p>Ovarian stroma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What event marks the transition from a primary oocyte to a secondary oocyte?

    <p>Completion of meiosis I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of douching on the vaginal ecosystem?

    <p>It disrupts the balance of microorganisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many primary oocytes are typically present in the ovaries at puberty?

    <p>About 400,000</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process called when the corpus luteum stops secreting progesterone and transforms into a nonfunctional structure?

    <p>Corpus albicans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does progesterone play in the menstrual cycle?

    <p>Triggers negative feedback on GnRH, LH, and FSH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which section of the uterine tube is most commonly the site of fertilization?

    <p>Ampulla</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the oocyte if fertilization does not occur?

    <p>It degrades either in the uterine tube or uterus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What physical feature of the ovary aids in the release of the oocyte during ovulation?

    <p>Pressure from the antrum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the uterus is located superior to the opening of the uterine tubes?

    <p>Fundus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What initiates the contractions of smooth muscle in the uterine tubes to aid oocyte movement?

    <p>High estrogen concentrations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structural change occurs to the follicle after the oocyte is ovulated?

    <p>It transforms into the corpus luteum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What leads to the stimulation of the LH surge that triggers ovulation?

    <p>Elevated estrogen production from the dominant follicle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the corpus luteum after ovulation?

    <p>To produce progesterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs if fertilization does not happen within 10 to 12 days after ovulation?

    <p>The corpus luteum degrades into the corpus albicans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do myoepithelial cells play in lactation?

    <p>They contract to push milk to the lactiferous sinus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do hormonal birth control pills prevent ovulation?

    <p>By providing constant levels of estrogen and progesterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs in the uterine glands during the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle?

    <p>They secrete a fluid rich in glycogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the broad ligament in the female reproductive system?

    <p>Support the uterus by connecting it to the pelvic wall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of the uterus sheds during menstruation?

    <p>Stratum functionalis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of the menstrual cycle does the endometrial lining begin to thicken again after menstruation?

    <p>Proliferative phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers the shedding of the stratum functionalis during menstruation?

    <p>Decline in progesterone levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long does the menses phase typically last?

    <p>2 to 7 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the stratum functionalis in the menstrual cycle?

    <p>It acts as the site for implantation of a fertilized egg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the corpus luteum if fertilization does not occur?

    <p>It degrades and progesterone production ceases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is primarily responsible for maintaining the thickened endometrial lining during the luteal phase?

    <p>Progesterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure connects the cervix to the pelvic wall to provide stability to the uterus?

    <p>Uterosacral ligament</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first menstruation known as?

    <p>Menarche</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Female Reproductive System Overview

    • The female reproductive system is composed of internal and external organs for menstruation and procreation.
    • Its function involves producing eggs, regulating hormones, and developing fertilized eggs into fetuses.
    • Reproductive years span from menarche (first period) to menopause (no period for 12 months).

    Menstrual Cycle

    • Cyclical egg release from the ovary is normal.
    • This release can be fertilized by sperm (male gametes).
    • This process leads to gestation (pregnancy), typically lasting 9 months or 3 trimesters.
    • The gestation results in one or more fetuses (infants).

    Tissues of the Reproductive System

    • Transformation zone: Squamocolumnar epithelium (Pap smears); common cervical cancer site
    • Endocervix: Simple columnar epithelium
    • Breast: Tissue development in puberty, ducts in puberty and pregnancy, and milk secretion post-partum
    • Vagina: Epithelial mucosa cell proliferation influenced by estrogen (varies with menopause)
    • Bone: Supports bone growth, inhibits bone loss (osteoclasts), prevents osteoporosis

    Contraception and Hormones

    • Contraception: Suppresses hormones GnRH (hypothalamus), LH, and FSH to prevent ovulation.
    • Estrogen (estrodiol): Maintains reproductive function. Has positive feedback effect during ovulation, increasing GnRH pulse frequency and causing LH surge

    Gamete Development

    • Female gametes (eggs) originate from germ cells (oogonia).
    • Oogonia rapidly multiply in the womb (in utero) until 7 million germ cells form by month 7.
    • Most oogonia disappear, and remaining cells (primary oocytes) begin meiosis I but arrest, awaiting menarche.
    • A primordial follicle (granulosa and theca cells) surrounds each oocyte.
    • Follicles mature via granulosa cell proliferation, and oocyte volume increases.
    • At menarche, some oocytes resume meiosis.
    • At fertilization, the oocyte is arrested in metaphase II.
    • The oocyte becomes an ovum after a second polar body is expelled. Meiosis continues with sperm activation.

    External Genitalia (Vulva)

    • Includes labia majora, labia minora, clitoris, vulvar vestibule, urethral meatus, and vaginal orifice.
    • Labia majora flank labia minora, merging anteriorly to form the mons pubis.
    • The vulvar vestibule is medial to labia minora, containing urethral and vaginal openings. Bartholin glands are nearby.
    • The vagina is a flexible, muscular tube connecting vulva to the cervix.
    • The distal vagina is called the introitus.
    • The vagina's anterior wall abuts the bladder, and the posterior wall abuts the rectum.

    Internal Genitalia

    • Uterus: Corpus (body), cervix, superior fundus, and inferior isthmus (lower uterine segment).
    • Cervix: Tubular structure connecting uterus and vagina.
    • Cervix Lining: Ectocervix (vaginal portion, stratified squamous epithelium) and endocervix (internal canal, columnar epithelium). Transformation zone marks the transition.
    • Fallopian tubes: Transport oocytes from ovaries to uterus.
      • Fimbriae: Finger-like projections near the ovaries.
      • Ampulla: Widest part of the tube.
      • Isthmus: Narrow part leading to the uterus.
      • Interstitial part: Part of the tube within the uterus.

    Ovaries

    • The ovaries are female gonads: Sites of gametogenesis and hormone secretion.
    • Outer cortex: Follicle development site.
    • Inner medulla: Contains blood vessels and connective tissue.
    • Menarche: A woman's first menstrual bleed, signaling the start of reproductive years. This occurs with puberty (pubic hair growth, breast growth, etc.).
    • Follicle Development: Prior to each cycle several primordial follicles develop, one becoming dominant and developing into a Graafian follicle.
    • Ovulation: Graafian follicle releases (expels) an ovum from the ovary into the fallopian tube.
    • Corpus Luteum: Remaining follicle tissue after ovulation releases progesterone. Plays a role in maintaining the uterine lining.
    • Menstrual Cycle Phases:
      • Follicular phase: Menstrual bleeding to LH surge. Low estrogen and progesterone. Rising GnRH, FSH, and LH. Follicle maturation and estrogen production.
      • Ovulation: LH surge, oocyte release,
      • Luteal phase: LH surge to menstral bleeding start. Corpus luteum active, progesterone high (and estradiol).
      • Cycle Length: 28 days average. Luteal phase is 14 days, follicular varies
        • Fertilization absence: A drop in LH causes a decline in progesterone. Menstrual bleeding begins.
        • Fertilization presence: the implant in the uterine lining & corpus luteum is maintained by chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), progesterone & estradiol levels remain to facilitate uterine lining support

    Infertility

    • Fecundability: Ability to conceive.
    • Infertility: Failure to conceive after one year of regular unprotected sex.
    • Common female factors: Ovulatory disorders, endometriosis, pelvic adhesions, tubal blockage, uterine/tubal abnormalities, hyperprolactinemia.

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    Description

    Explore the intricacies of the female reproductive system, which includes key functions such as menstruation, hormone regulation, and pregnancy. Understand the menstrual cycle, various tissues, and their roles in reproduction. Dive into essential details from menarche to menopause.

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