Podcast
Questions and Answers
What hormone is primarily suppressed by contraception methods?
What hormone is primarily suppressed by contraception methods?
What is the main task of the female reproductive system?
What is the main task of the female reproductive system?
What defines a woman's reproductive years?
What defines a woman's reproductive years?
What type of epithelium is found in the endocervix?
What type of epithelium is found in the endocervix?
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How long does a typical gestation period last?
How long does a typical gestation period last?
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Which process follows fertilization of the egg?
Which process follows fertilization of the egg?
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What influences the proliferation of epithelial mucosa cells in the vagina?
What influences the proliferation of epithelial mucosa cells in the vagina?
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What characterizes the transformation zone in the female reproductive system?
What characterizes the transformation zone in the female reproductive system?
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What is a primary role of estrogen throughout the reproductive cycle?
What is a primary role of estrogen throughout the reproductive cycle?
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What happens to primary oocytes during the menstrual cycle?
What happens to primary oocytes during the menstrual cycle?
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What is the role of GnRH during ovulation?
What is the role of GnRH during ovulation?
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What is the structure that forms after a Graafian follicle expels its ovum?
What is the structure that forms after a Graafian follicle expels its ovum?
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Which phase of the menstrual cycle is characterized by low serum levels of estradiol and progesterone?
Which phase of the menstrual cycle is characterized by low serum levels of estradiol and progesterone?
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What marks the beginning of the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle?
What marks the beginning of the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle?
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During fertilization, what stage does an oocyte resume meiosis?
During fertilization, what stage does an oocyte resume meiosis?
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The area medial to the labia minora, which includes the urethra and vaginal openings, is known as?
The area medial to the labia minora, which includes the urethra and vaginal openings, is known as?
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What structure in the fallopian tubes helps in capturing the expelled oocyte?
What structure in the fallopian tubes helps in capturing the expelled oocyte?
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What is characterized by the transition from columnar to squamous epithelium in the cervix?
What is characterized by the transition from columnar to squamous epithelium in the cervix?
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During which phase of the menstrual cycle does the endometrial lining thicken in preparation for potential implantation?
During which phase of the menstrual cycle does the endometrial lining thicken in preparation for potential implantation?
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What occurs approximately 36 hours after the LH surge?
What occurs approximately 36 hours after the LH surge?
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What hormone does the corpus luteum primarily release?
What hormone does the corpus luteum primarily release?
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What is the definition of infertility?
What is the definition of infertility?
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What is fecundability?
What is fecundability?
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Which factors can lead to infertility?
Which factors can lead to infertility?
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What hormone maintains the corpus luteum if fertilization occurs?
What hormone maintains the corpus luteum if fertilization occurs?
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What is the primary function of progesterone in the menstrual cycle?
What is the primary function of progesterone in the menstrual cycle?
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What percentage represents the probability of conceiving during timed intercourse?
What percentage represents the probability of conceiving during timed intercourse?
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Which of the following is the most common female factor leading to infertility?
Which of the following is the most common female factor leading to infertility?
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What happens to estradiol and progesterone levels if fertilization does not occur?
What happens to estradiol and progesterone levels if fertilization does not occur?
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What occurs to most oogonia after forming primary oocytes?
What occurs to most oogonia after forming primary oocytes?
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What is the primary site for cervical cancer sampling?
What is the primary site for cervical cancer sampling?
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During which stage are oocytes arrested at the time of fertilization?
During which stage are oocytes arrested at the time of fertilization?
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What role does estrogen play in the proliferation of epithelial mucosa cells in the vagina?
What role does estrogen play in the proliferation of epithelial mucosa cells in the vagina?
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What structure surrounds each primary oocyte in the ovary?
What structure surrounds each primary oocyte in the ovary?
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Which of these organs facilitates menstruation and procreation?
Which of these organs facilitates menstruation and procreation?
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What is the primary function of the cervix in the female reproductive system?
What is the primary function of the cervix in the female reproductive system?
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What typically occurs during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle?
What typically occurs during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle?
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What happens to the dominant follicle after ovulation if fertilization does not occur?
What happens to the dominant follicle after ovulation if fertilization does not occur?
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What is the relationship between ovulation and the release of luteinizing hormone (LH)?
What is the relationship between ovulation and the release of luteinizing hormone (LH)?
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What signifies the transition from the follicular phase to the luteal phase in the menstrual cycle?
What signifies the transition from the follicular phase to the luteal phase in the menstrual cycle?
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What is the role of estradiol during the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle?
What is the role of estradiol during the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle?
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What occurs to the female reproductive organs during puberty?
What occurs to the female reproductive organs during puberty?
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Which structure within the fallopian tubes aids in the movement of the oocyte towards the uterus?
Which structure within the fallopian tubes aids in the movement of the oocyte towards the uterus?
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Which statement is accurate about the function of the hypothalamus in the female reproductive system?
Which statement is accurate about the function of the hypothalamus in the female reproductive system?
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What layer of the uterus is the body of the uterus known as?
What layer of the uterus is the body of the uterus known as?
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What happens to the ovary during the reproductive years from menarche to menopause?
What happens to the ovary during the reproductive years from menarche to menopause?
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How is gestation defined in relation to infant development?
How is gestation defined in relation to infant development?
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What triggers the thickening of the endometrium during the menstrual cycle?
What triggers the thickening of the endometrium during the menstrual cycle?
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What happens to the corpus luteum if fertilization does not occur?
What happens to the corpus luteum if fertilization does not occur?
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What happens to the corpus luteum if fertilization does occur?
What happens to the corpus luteum if fertilization does occur?
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What is the primary effect of progesterone released by the corpus luteum?
What is the primary effect of progesterone released by the corpus luteum?
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What defines primary infertility?
What defines primary infertility?
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Which of the following is a common female factor leading to infertility?
Which of the following is a common female factor leading to infertility?
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What is the probability range of conceiving during timed intercourse?
What is the probability range of conceiving during timed intercourse?
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What occurs approximately 36 hours after the LH surge?
What occurs approximately 36 hours after the LH surge?
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What happens to estradiol and progesterone levels if fertilization does not occur?
What happens to estradiol and progesterone levels if fertilization does not occur?
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Which hormone surge is primarily responsible for ovulation?
Which hormone surge is primarily responsible for ovulation?
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What is the role of chorionic gonadotropin after fertilization?
What is the role of chorionic gonadotropin after fertilization?
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What defines fecundability?
What defines fecundability?
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What occurs approximately 36 hours after the LH surge?
What occurs approximately 36 hours after the LH surge?
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What is the primary hormone released by the corpus luteum?
What is the primary hormone released by the corpus luteum?
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Which factor is not considered a common female cause of infertility?
Which factor is not considered a common female cause of infertility?
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What is meant by fecundability?
What is meant by fecundability?
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If fertilization occurs, which hormone is released by the implanted oocyte?
If fertilization occurs, which hormone is released by the implanted oocyte?
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What typically happens to estradiol and progesterone levels if fertilization does not occur?
What typically happens to estradiol and progesterone levels if fertilization does not occur?
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What defines primary infertility?
What defines primary infertility?
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What is the probability of conceiving during timed intercourse (ovulation)?
What is the probability of conceiving during timed intercourse (ovulation)?
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Which of the following is a common procedure by which infertility can be diagnosed?
Which of the following is a common procedure by which infertility can be diagnosed?
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What occurs to LH levels if fertilization does occur?
What occurs to LH levels if fertilization does occur?
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What ensures that a federal government website is secure?
What ensures that a federal government website is secure?
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What is primarily produced by the female reproductive system?
What is primarily produced by the female reproductive system?
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What typically happens during the menstrual cycle?
What typically happens during the menstrual cycle?
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What does the transformation zone in the female reproductive system primarily consist of?
What does the transformation zone in the female reproductive system primarily consist of?
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At what point does a woman typically experience menopause?
At what point does a woman typically experience menopause?
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What leads to the expulsion of the ovum from the Graafian follicle?
What leads to the expulsion of the ovum from the Graafian follicle?
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What role does estrogen play in the female reproductive system?
What role does estrogen play in the female reproductive system?
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Which phase of the menstrual cycle immediately follows ovulation?
Which phase of the menstrual cycle immediately follows ovulation?
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What typically occurs during gestation?
What typically occurs during gestation?
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The area where the urethra and vaginal openings are located is referred to as?
The area where the urethra and vaginal openings are located is referred to as?
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What effect does contraception have on hormone release?
What effect does contraception have on hormone release?
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What happens to the breast tissue during puberty?
What happens to the breast tissue during puberty?
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Which structure is responsible for progesterone secretion after fertilization?
Which structure is responsible for progesterone secretion after fertilization?
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What is the primary function of the cervix?
What is the primary function of the cervix?
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What happens to the primary oocyte at the time of fertilization?
What happens to the primary oocyte at the time of fertilization?
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When does menarche typically occur?
When does menarche typically occur?
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What characterizes the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle?
What characterizes the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle?
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What is the primary function of the fallopian tubes?
What is the primary function of the fallopian tubes?
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What occurs when no fertilization takes place after ovulation?
What occurs when no fertilization takes place after ovulation?
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Which part of the uterus is the fundus?
Which part of the uterus is the fundus?
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What is the primary event triggered by the LH surge during ovulation?
What is the primary event triggered by the LH surge during ovulation?
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At what stage are oocytes arrested at the time of ovulation?
At what stage are oocytes arrested at the time of ovulation?
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What primarily surrounds each primary oocyte in the ovary?
What primarily surrounds each primary oocyte in the ovary?
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Which phase of the menstrual cycle begins after the LH surge?
Which phase of the menstrual cycle begins after the LH surge?
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What is the primary function of the fimbria in the fallopian tubes?
What is the primary function of the fimbria in the fallopian tubes?
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What primarily indicates the security of a federal government website?
What primarily indicates the security of a federal government website?
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What marks the completion of meiosis I in oocytes?
What marks the completion of meiosis I in oocytes?
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What is the function of the transformation zone in the female reproductive system?
What is the function of the transformation zone in the female reproductive system?
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What defines the end of the follicular phase in the menstrual cycle?
What defines the end of the follicular phase in the menstrual cycle?
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What triggers the regular expulsion of ova from the ovaries?
What triggers the regular expulsion of ova from the ovaries?
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Which hormone is primarily responsible for maintaining the corpus luteum after fertilization?
Which hormone is primarily responsible for maintaining the corpus luteum after fertilization?
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What occurs during menarche?
What occurs during menarche?
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What is a characteristic of the female reproductive years?
What is a characteristic of the female reproductive years?
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What happens to the endometrium if fertilization does not occur?
What happens to the endometrium if fertilization does not occur?
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What is the typical duration of gestation in humans?
What is the typical duration of gestation in humans?
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What is a primary effect of estrogen in the female reproductive system?
What is a primary effect of estrogen in the female reproductive system?
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What happens to the corpus luteum if fertilization occurs?
What happens to the corpus luteum if fertilization occurs?
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What does contraception aim to inhibit in the female reproductive system?
What does contraception aim to inhibit in the female reproductive system?
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During the female reproductive cycle, what is the typical function of progesterone?
During the female reproductive cycle, what is the typical function of progesterone?
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What type of epithelium does the vagina proliferate in response to estrogen?
What type of epithelium does the vagina proliferate in response to estrogen?
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What event occurs approximately 36 hours after the LH surge?
What event occurs approximately 36 hours after the LH surge?
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What is the primary function of the corpus luteum following ovulation?
What is the primary function of the corpus luteum following ovulation?
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What hormone maintains the corpus luteum if fertilization occurs?
What hormone maintains the corpus luteum if fertilization occurs?
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What is a common cause of female infertility, ranked highest in prevalence?
What is a common cause of female infertility, ranked highest in prevalence?
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What is the term used to describe the ability to conceive?
What is the term used to describe the ability to conceive?
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If fertilization does not occur, what happens to progesterone levels?
If fertilization does not occur, what happens to progesterone levels?
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What percentage represents the average likelihood of conceiving during timed intercourse?
What percentage represents the average likelihood of conceiving during timed intercourse?
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What is the definition of infertility in a clinical context?
What is the definition of infertility in a clinical context?
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What happens to LH and FSH levels following the release of progesterone by the corpus luteum?
What happens to LH and FSH levels following the release of progesterone by the corpus luteum?
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What is primary infertility?
What is primary infertility?
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What process does estrogen exert on the hypothalamus during ovulation?
What process does estrogen exert on the hypothalamus during ovulation?
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At what stage are oocytes arrested at the time of fertilization?
At what stage are oocytes arrested at the time of fertilization?
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Which part of the fallopian tube has the widest lumen?
Which part of the fallopian tube has the widest lumen?
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Which structure surrounds each primary oocyte in the ovary?
Which structure surrounds each primary oocyte in the ovary?
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What is the primary function of the cervix in the female reproductive system?
What is the primary function of the cervix in the female reproductive system?
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During which phase of the menstrual cycle does the dominant follicle mature into a Graafian follicle?
During which phase of the menstrual cycle does the dominant follicle mature into a Graafian follicle?
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What is the ovarian structure that forms after ovulation and releases progesterone?
What is the ovarian structure that forms after ovulation and releases progesterone?
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What specifically defines the ending of the luteal phase?
What specifically defines the ending of the luteal phase?
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What occurs to the dominant follicle if fertilization does not take place?
What occurs to the dominant follicle if fertilization does not take place?
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What hormone surge triggers ovulation?
What hormone surge triggers ovulation?
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What feature indicates that a website is official and secure?
What feature indicates that a website is official and secure?
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What marks the end of a woman's reproductive years?
What marks the end of a woman's reproductive years?
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What is the primary role of the female reproductive system?
What is the primary role of the female reproductive system?
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Which epithelium is found in the transformation zone of the female reproductive system?
Which epithelium is found in the transformation zone of the female reproductive system?
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What hormone level is inhibited by contraceptive methods?
What hormone level is inhibited by contraceptive methods?
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What occurs during the menstrual cycle's follicular phase?
What occurs during the menstrual cycle's follicular phase?
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What develops in the breast during puberty?
What develops in the breast during puberty?
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How long is the typical human gestation period?
How long is the typical human gestation period?
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What is the major factor influencing the proliferation of epithelial mucosa cells in the vagina?
What is the major factor influencing the proliferation of epithelial mucosa cells in the vagina?
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What happens to the corpus luteum if fertilization does not occur?
What happens to the corpus luteum if fertilization does not occur?
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What event follows the LH surge in the menstrual cycle?
What event follows the LH surge in the menstrual cycle?
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What maintains the corpus luteum if fertilization occurs?
What maintains the corpus luteum if fertilization occurs?
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What defines primary infertility?
What defines primary infertility?
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Which condition is the most common female factor leading to infertility?
Which condition is the most common female factor leading to infertility?
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What happens if fertilization does not occur?
What happens if fertilization does not occur?
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What is the probability of conceiving during timed intercourse?
What is the probability of conceiving during timed intercourse?
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What is the function of progesterone after ovulation?
What is the function of progesterone after ovulation?
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What happens to estradiol levels shortly before the LH surge?
What happens to estradiol levels shortly before the LH surge?
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Which type of infertility applies to those who have conceived in the past but are now facing difficulties?
Which type of infertility applies to those who have conceived in the past but are now facing difficulties?
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What is the likely effect of a blocked fallopian tube on fertility?
What is the likely effect of a blocked fallopian tube on fertility?
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What is the primary function of the female reproductive system?
What is the primary function of the female reproductive system?
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Which hormone's release is primarily inhibited by contraception methods?
Which hormone's release is primarily inhibited by contraception methods?
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During which phase of the menstrual cycle does ovulation typically occur?
During which phase of the menstrual cycle does ovulation typically occur?
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What initiates the LH surge during ovulation?
What initiates the LH surge during ovulation?
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What tissue type is most commonly sampled during Pap tests?
What tissue type is most commonly sampled during Pap tests?
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What typically signals the end of a woman's reproductive years?
What typically signals the end of a woman's reproductive years?
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Which phase of the menstrual cycle occurs after the Graafian follicle expels the ovum?
Which phase of the menstrual cycle occurs after the Graafian follicle expels the ovum?
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During what phase do oocytes resume meiosis in preparation for fertilization?
During what phase do oocytes resume meiosis in preparation for fertilization?
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What structure develops after the ovum is expelled from the Graafian follicle?
What structure develops after the ovum is expelled from the Graafian follicle?
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What is the primary function of estrogen in the menstrual cycle?
What is the primary function of estrogen in the menstrual cycle?
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What structure encloses the primary oocyte and participates in its development?
What structure encloses the primary oocyte and participates in its development?
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What is the role of the fimbria in the female reproductive system?
What is the role of the fimbria in the female reproductive system?
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What change occurs in the endometrial lining during the luteal phase?
What change occurs in the endometrial lining during the luteal phase?
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What happens to the endometrial lining if no fertilization occurs following ovulation?
What happens to the endometrial lining if no fertilization occurs following ovulation?
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How does pregnancy typically influence the female reproductive hormones?
How does pregnancy typically influence the female reproductive hormones?
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What structure aids in capturing the expelled oocyte within the fallopian tubes?
What structure aids in capturing the expelled oocyte within the fallopian tubes?
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Which area of the uterus is referred to as the fundus?
Which area of the uterus is referred to as the fundus?
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What happens to most primary oocytes during development?
What happens to most primary oocytes during development?
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Which cells proliferate around the oocyte during follicle maturation?
Which cells proliferate around the oocyte during follicle maturation?
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What primarily regulates the thickening of the endometrial lining during the menstrual cycle?
What primarily regulates the thickening of the endometrial lining during the menstrual cycle?
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What happens approximately 36 hours after the LH surge?
What happens approximately 36 hours after the LH surge?
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What hormone is released by the corpus luteum after ovulation?
What hormone is released by the corpus luteum after ovulation?
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Which of the following defines primary infertility?
Which of the following defines primary infertility?
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What is the function of chorionic gonadotropin if fertilization occurs?
What is the function of chorionic gonadotropin if fertilization occurs?
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What is the probability of conceiving during timed intercourse according to studies?
What is the probability of conceiving during timed intercourse according to studies?
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Which is the most common female factor leading to infertility?
Which is the most common female factor leading to infertility?
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What happens to progesterone and estradiol levels if fertilization does not occur?
What happens to progesterone and estradiol levels if fertilization does not occur?
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What term describes the ability to conceive?
What term describes the ability to conceive?
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Which factor can contribute to both female and male infertility?
Which factor can contribute to both female and male infertility?
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What effect does the corpus luteum have on the release of LH and FSH?
What effect does the corpus luteum have on the release of LH and FSH?
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What occurs to primary oocytes at menarche?
What occurs to primary oocytes at menarche?
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What does the corpus luteum primarily secrete?
What does the corpus luteum primarily secrete?
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What happens to the dominant follicle during ovulation?
What happens to the dominant follicle during ovulation?
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Where does fertilization typically take place in the female reproductive system?
Where does fertilization typically take place in the female reproductive system?
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What is the role of fimbriae in the fallopian tubes?
What is the role of fimbriae in the fallopian tubes?
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What marks the beginning of the follicular phase in the menstrual cycle?
What marks the beginning of the follicular phase in the menstrual cycle?
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Which structure is primarily responsible for the secretion of hormones in the ovarian cycle?
Which structure is primarily responsible for the secretion of hormones in the ovarian cycle?
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What characterizes the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle?
What characterizes the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle?
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What happens to the endometrium if fertilization does not occur?
What happens to the endometrium if fertilization does not occur?
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Which hormone leads to the increase in GnRH pulse frequency during ovulation?
Which hormone leads to the increase in GnRH pulse frequency during ovulation?
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What initiates the cyclical expulsion of ova from the ovary during a woman's reproductive years?
What initiates the cyclical expulsion of ova from the ovary during a woman's reproductive years?
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Which epithelium is primarily involved in the transformation zone of the cervix, commonly associated with cervical cancer?
Which epithelium is primarily involved in the transformation zone of the cervix, commonly associated with cervical cancer?
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What is the primary role of progesterone in the menstrual cycle?
What is the primary role of progesterone in the menstrual cycle?
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How does contraception effectively prevent ovulation?
How does contraception effectively prevent ovulation?
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What change occurs to the corpus luteum if fertilization does happen?
What change occurs to the corpus luteum if fertilization does happen?
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What is the main function of the female reproductive system during the reproductive years?
What is the main function of the female reproductive system during the reproductive years?
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What characterizes the period of menarche in a woman's life?
What characterizes the period of menarche in a woman's life?
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What effect does the absence of estrogen have on the proliferation of epithelial cells in the vagina?
What effect does the absence of estrogen have on the proliferation of epithelial cells in the vagina?
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What is gestation commonly referred to during the development of a fetus?
What is gestation commonly referred to during the development of a fetus?
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What are the primary hormones involved throughout most of the reproductive cycle?
What are the primary hormones involved throughout most of the reproductive cycle?
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What occurs approximately 36 hours after the surge in LH levels?
What occurs approximately 36 hours after the surge in LH levels?
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Which hormone is primarily responsible for maintaining the corpus luteum after fertilization occurs?
Which hormone is primarily responsible for maintaining the corpus luteum after fertilization occurs?
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What is the primary effect of progesterone released by the corpus luteum?
What is the primary effect of progesterone released by the corpus luteum?
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What is defined as the inability to achieve pregnancy after one year of regular unprotected intercourse?
What is defined as the inability to achieve pregnancy after one year of regular unprotected intercourse?
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Which female factor is most commonly associated with infertility?
Which female factor is most commonly associated with infertility?
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What role does fecundability play in conception?
What role does fecundability play in conception?
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How is the probability of conceiving during timed intercourse generally quantified?
How is the probability of conceiving during timed intercourse generally quantified?
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What happens to LH and estradiol levels if fertilization does not occur?
What happens to LH and estradiol levels if fertilization does not occur?
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Which of the following factors can contribute to infertility in both genders?
Which of the following factors can contribute to infertility in both genders?
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What occurs if the corpus luteum degenerates due to declining hormone levels?
What occurs if the corpus luteum degenerates due to declining hormone levels?
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What is the main role of the labia minora in the female reproductive system?
What is the main role of the labia minora in the female reproductive system?
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Which of the following accurately describes the vagina in the female reproductive system?
Which of the following accurately describes the vagina in the female reproductive system?
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Which external structure covers the pubic bone after puberty?
Which external structure covers the pubic bone after puberty?
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What is a common misconception about the hymen?
What is a common misconception about the hymen?
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Which statement about the external female genitals is incorrect?
Which statement about the external female genitals is incorrect?
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What is the role of Lactobacillus in the vagina?
What is the role of Lactobacillus in the vagina?
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What is the primary function of the hymen in relation to the vaginal opening?
What is the primary function of the hymen in relation to the vaginal opening?
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Which statement accurately describes oogenesis?
Which statement accurately describes oogenesis?
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What is the consequence of douching in regards to vaginal health?
What is the consequence of douching in regards to vaginal health?
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What happens to primary oocytes during a female's reproductive years?
What happens to primary oocytes during a female's reproductive years?
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What is the process through which ovarian follicles develop and eventually lead to ovulation?
What is the process through which ovarian follicles develop and eventually lead to ovulation?
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Which hormone primarily stimulates the growth of ovarian follicles?
Which hormone primarily stimulates the growth of ovarian follicles?
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During which phase of the ovarian cycle do the tertiary follicles begin to produce significant amounts of estrogen?
During which phase of the ovarian cycle do the tertiary follicles begin to produce significant amounts of estrogen?
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What is the term for the death of ovarian follicles during their development?
What is the term for the death of ovarian follicles during their development?
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What triggers the LH surge that leads to ovulation of the dominant follicle?
What triggers the LH surge that leads to ovulation of the dominant follicle?
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What layer of cells surrounds the primary oocyte in a primordial follicle?
What layer of cells surrounds the primary oocyte in a primordial follicle?
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What is the term for the process that transforms the collapsed follicle into the corpus luteum after ovulation?
What is the term for the process that transforms the collapsed follicle into the corpus luteum after ovulation?
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What structure is formed when the corpus luteum stops producing progesterone and degrades?
What structure is formed when the corpus luteum stops producing progesterone and degrades?
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Which hormone triggers the degradation of structural proteins in the ovarian wall during ovulation?
Which hormone triggers the degradation of structural proteins in the ovarian wall during ovulation?
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What anatomical part of the uterine tube is most commonly associated with fertilization?
What anatomical part of the uterine tube is most commonly associated with fertilization?
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What key role does progesterone play during the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle?
What key role does progesterone play during the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle?
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What layer of the uterine tubes is responsible for creating a current that helps move the oocyte toward the uterus?
What layer of the uterine tubes is responsible for creating a current that helps move the oocyte toward the uterus?
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Why might pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) lead to infertility?
Why might pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) lead to infertility?
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What is the primary context in which the cilia in the uterine tubes operate?
What is the primary context in which the cilia in the uterine tubes operate?
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What physiological change occurs due to high estrogen levels during the menstrual cycle?
What physiological change occurs due to high estrogen levels during the menstrual cycle?
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Which structure forms after the collapse of the follicle post-ovulation?
Which structure forms after the collapse of the follicle post-ovulation?
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What is the role of progesterone during the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle?
What is the role of progesterone during the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle?
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Which of the following best describes the impact of birth control pills?
Which of the following best describes the impact of birth control pills?
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If fertilization does not occur, what is the fate of the corpus luteum?
If fertilization does not occur, what is the fate of the corpus luteum?
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What is the process of lactation primarily responsible for?
What is the process of lactation primarily responsible for?
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What is the primary role of the broad ligament in the female reproductive system?
What is the primary role of the broad ligament in the female reproductive system?
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Which layer of the uterus is primarily responsible for uterine contractions?
Which layer of the uterus is primarily responsible for uterine contractions?
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What triggers the shedding of the stratum functionalis during menstruation?
What triggers the shedding of the stratum functionalis during menstruation?
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During which phase does the endometrium rebuild after menstruation?
During which phase does the endometrium rebuild after menstruation?
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What is the role of the stratum functionalis in the menstrual cycle?
What is the role of the stratum functionalis in the menstrual cycle?
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What marks the beginning of the menses phase of the menstrual cycle?
What marks the beginning of the menses phase of the menstrual cycle?
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What hormone is primarily responsible for maintaining the thickened endometrium during the luteal phase?
What hormone is primarily responsible for maintaining the thickened endometrium during the luteal phase?
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When does the endometrial lining thicken in preparation for potential implantation?
When does the endometrial lining thicken in preparation for potential implantation?
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What occurs to the corpus luteum if fertilization does not take place?
What occurs to the corpus luteum if fertilization does not take place?
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What is the average length of a woman's menstrual cycle?
What is the average length of a woman's menstrual cycle?
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What is the primary function of the vulva in the female reproductive system?
What is the primary function of the vulva in the female reproductive system?
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Which structure protects the urethra and the entrance to the female reproductive tract?
Which structure protects the urethra and the entrance to the female reproductive tract?
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What role does the vagina serve in the female reproductive system?
What role does the vagina serve in the female reproductive system?
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Which anatomical structure is formed from the same cells as the glans penis?
Which anatomical structure is formed from the same cells as the glans penis?
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What is the significance of the hymen in the female reproductive system?
What is the significance of the hymen in the female reproductive system?
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What is the main function of the vaginal rugae?
What is the main function of the vaginal rugae?
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What triggers the resumption of meiosis in a primary oocyte?
What triggers the resumption of meiosis in a primary oocyte?
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What is the process of oogenesis primarily responsible for?
What is the process of oogenesis primarily responsible for?
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Which structure is responsible for secreting mucus to keep the vestibular area moist?
Which structure is responsible for secreting mucus to keep the vestibular area moist?
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What happens to the majority of polar bodies produced during oogenesis?
What happens to the majority of polar bodies produced during oogenesis?
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What is the process called when ovarian follicles undergo death during development?
What is the process called when ovarian follicles undergo death during development?
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Which hormone primarily stimulates the growth of ovarian follicles?
Which hormone primarily stimulates the growth of ovarian follicles?
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What marks the transition from primordial to primary follicles in the ovarian cycle?
What marks the transition from primordial to primary follicles in the ovarian cycle?
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What is the name of the follicle that typically survives the reduction in FSH levels?
What is the name of the follicle that typically survives the reduction in FSH levels?
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What triggers the secretion of large amounts of LH and FSH in the ovarian cycle?
What triggers the secretion of large amounts of LH and FSH in the ovarian cycle?
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Which phase follows the growth phase of tertiary follicles during the ovarian cycle?
Which phase follows the growth phase of tertiary follicles during the ovarian cycle?
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What event marks the release of the oocyte during the ovarian cycle?
What event marks the release of the oocyte during the ovarian cycle?
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What hormone is primarily produced by the corpus luteum?
What hormone is primarily produced by the corpus luteum?
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During which phase does progesterone exert negative feedback to suppress GnRH, LH, and FSH secretions?
During which phase does progesterone exert negative feedback to suppress GnRH, LH, and FSH secretions?
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What structure forms from the collapsed follicle after the oocyte has been released?
What structure forms from the collapsed follicle after the oocyte has been released?
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Which section of the uterine tube is most commonly associated with fertilization?
Which section of the uterine tube is most commonly associated with fertilization?
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How does the oocyte move towards the uterus after being released from the ovary?
How does the oocyte move towards the uterus after being released from the ovary?
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What happens to the corpus luteum if fertilization does not occur?
What happens to the corpus luteum if fertilization does not occur?
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What is the primary role of the fimbriae at the end of the uterine tubes?
What is the primary role of the fimbriae at the end of the uterine tubes?
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What occurs when high estrogen levels increase the uterine tube contractions?
What occurs when high estrogen levels increase the uterine tube contractions?
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What marks the beginning of the secretory phase in the menstrual cycle?
What marks the beginning of the secretory phase in the menstrual cycle?
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What happens to the endometrial lining if no pregnancy occurs after ovulation?
What happens to the endometrial lining if no pregnancy occurs after ovulation?
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What is the primary action of birth control pills in regulating the menstrual cycle?
What is the primary action of birth control pills in regulating the menstrual cycle?
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Which phase follows the proliferative phase in a typical menstrual cycle?
Which phase follows the proliferative phase in a typical menstrual cycle?
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What is the role of myoepithelial cells in the lactation process?
What is the role of myoepithelial cells in the lactation process?
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What is the function of the broad ligament in the female reproductive system?
What is the function of the broad ligament in the female reproductive system?
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Which layer of the uterus is primarily responsible for contractions during labor?
Which layer of the uterus is primarily responsible for contractions during labor?
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During which phase of the menstrual cycle does the stratum functionalis shed?
During which phase of the menstrual cycle does the stratum functionalis shed?
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What happens to the stratum functionalis layer if fertilization does not occur?
What happens to the stratum functionalis layer if fertilization does not occur?
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What hormonal changes characterize the transition from the follicular phase to the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle?
What hormonal changes characterize the transition from the follicular phase to the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle?
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What role do spiral arteries play during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle?
What role do spiral arteries play during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle?
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What is the first occurrence of menstruation after puberty called?
What is the first occurrence of menstruation after puberty called?
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What triggers the increase in estrogen levels during the proliferative phase?
What triggers the increase in estrogen levels during the proliferative phase?
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Which layer of the endometrium is shed during menstruation?
Which layer of the endometrium is shed during menstruation?
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What happens to the endometrial tissue if there is no implantation?
What happens to the endometrial tissue if there is no implantation?
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What is the primary function of the ovaries in the female reproductive system?
What is the primary function of the ovaries in the female reproductive system?
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Which structure serves as the protective entrance to the female reproductive tract?
Which structure serves as the protective entrance to the female reproductive tract?
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What distinguishes the male and female reproductive systems in terms of location?
What distinguishes the male and female reproductive systems in terms of location?
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What is the function of the hymen in the female reproductive system?
What is the function of the hymen in the female reproductive system?
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Which part of the vagina is located closest to the uterus?
Which part of the vagina is located closest to the uterus?
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What is the term for the death of ovarian follicles during folliculogenesis?
What is the term for the death of ovarian follicles during folliculogenesis?
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Which hormone primarily stimulates the growth of follicles in the ovarian cycle?
Which hormone primarily stimulates the growth of follicles in the ovarian cycle?
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During which stage of folliculogenesis does the oocyte secrete the zona pellucida?
During which stage of folliculogenesis does the oocyte secrete the zona pellucida?
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What initiates the positive feedback loop that leads to ovulation?
What initiates the positive feedback loop that leads to ovulation?
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What role do theca cells play in the function of ovarian follicles?
What role do theca cells play in the function of ovarian follicles?
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What is the primary function of the Lactobacillus bacteria in the vagina?
What is the primary function of the Lactobacillus bacteria in the vagina?
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How many follicles typically survive to become the dominant follicle in the ovarian cycle?
How many follicles typically survive to become the dominant follicle in the ovarian cycle?
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Which layer of the ovary is primarily responsible for the development of oocytes?
Which layer of the ovary is primarily responsible for the development of oocytes?
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What event marks the transition from a primary oocyte to a secondary oocyte?
What event marks the transition from a primary oocyte to a secondary oocyte?
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What is the effect of douching on the vaginal ecosystem?
What is the effect of douching on the vaginal ecosystem?
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How many primary oocytes are typically present in the ovaries at puberty?
How many primary oocytes are typically present in the ovaries at puberty?
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What is the process called when the corpus luteum stops secreting progesterone and transforms into a nonfunctional structure?
What is the process called when the corpus luteum stops secreting progesterone and transforms into a nonfunctional structure?
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What role does progesterone play in the menstrual cycle?
What role does progesterone play in the menstrual cycle?
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Which section of the uterine tube is most commonly the site of fertilization?
Which section of the uterine tube is most commonly the site of fertilization?
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What happens to the oocyte if fertilization does not occur?
What happens to the oocyte if fertilization does not occur?
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What physical feature of the ovary aids in the release of the oocyte during ovulation?
What physical feature of the ovary aids in the release of the oocyte during ovulation?
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Which part of the uterus is located superior to the opening of the uterine tubes?
Which part of the uterus is located superior to the opening of the uterine tubes?
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What initiates the contractions of smooth muscle in the uterine tubes to aid oocyte movement?
What initiates the contractions of smooth muscle in the uterine tubes to aid oocyte movement?
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What structural change occurs to the follicle after the oocyte is ovulated?
What structural change occurs to the follicle after the oocyte is ovulated?
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What leads to the stimulation of the LH surge that triggers ovulation?
What leads to the stimulation of the LH surge that triggers ovulation?
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What is the function of the corpus luteum after ovulation?
What is the function of the corpus luteum after ovulation?
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What occurs if fertilization does not happen within 10 to 12 days after ovulation?
What occurs if fertilization does not happen within 10 to 12 days after ovulation?
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What role do myoepithelial cells play in lactation?
What role do myoepithelial cells play in lactation?
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How do hormonal birth control pills prevent ovulation?
How do hormonal birth control pills prevent ovulation?
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What occurs in the uterine glands during the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle?
What occurs in the uterine glands during the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle?
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What is the primary function of the broad ligament in the female reproductive system?
What is the primary function of the broad ligament in the female reproductive system?
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Which layer of the uterus sheds during menstruation?
Which layer of the uterus sheds during menstruation?
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During which phase of the menstrual cycle does the endometrial lining begin to thicken again after menstruation?
During which phase of the menstrual cycle does the endometrial lining begin to thicken again after menstruation?
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What triggers the shedding of the stratum functionalis during menstruation?
What triggers the shedding of the stratum functionalis during menstruation?
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How long does the menses phase typically last?
How long does the menses phase typically last?
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What is the role of the stratum functionalis in the menstrual cycle?
What is the role of the stratum functionalis in the menstrual cycle?
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What happens to the corpus luteum if fertilization does not occur?
What happens to the corpus luteum if fertilization does not occur?
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What is primarily responsible for maintaining the thickened endometrial lining during the luteal phase?
What is primarily responsible for maintaining the thickened endometrial lining during the luteal phase?
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Which structure connects the cervix to the pelvic wall to provide stability to the uterus?
Which structure connects the cervix to the pelvic wall to provide stability to the uterus?
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What is the first menstruation known as?
What is the first menstruation known as?
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Study Notes
Female Reproductive System Overview
- The female reproductive system is composed of internal and external organs for menstruation and procreation.
- Its function involves producing eggs, regulating hormones, and developing fertilized eggs into fetuses.
- Reproductive years span from menarche (first period) to menopause (no period for 12 months).
Menstrual Cycle
- Cyclical egg release from the ovary is normal.
- This release can be fertilized by sperm (male gametes).
- This process leads to gestation (pregnancy), typically lasting 9 months or 3 trimesters.
- The gestation results in one or more fetuses (infants).
Tissues of the Reproductive System
- Transformation zone: Squamocolumnar epithelium (Pap smears); common cervical cancer site
- Endocervix: Simple columnar epithelium
- Breast: Tissue development in puberty, ducts in puberty and pregnancy, and milk secretion post-partum
- Vagina: Epithelial mucosa cell proliferation influenced by estrogen (varies with menopause)
- Bone: Supports bone growth, inhibits bone loss (osteoclasts), prevents osteoporosis
Contraception and Hormones
- Contraception: Suppresses hormones GnRH (hypothalamus), LH, and FSH to prevent ovulation.
- Estrogen (estrodiol): Maintains reproductive function. Has positive feedback effect during ovulation, increasing GnRH pulse frequency and causing LH surge
Gamete Development
- Female gametes (eggs) originate from germ cells (oogonia).
- Oogonia rapidly multiply in the womb (in utero) until 7 million germ cells form by month 7.
- Most oogonia disappear, and remaining cells (primary oocytes) begin meiosis I but arrest, awaiting menarche.
- A primordial follicle (granulosa and theca cells) surrounds each oocyte.
- Follicles mature via granulosa cell proliferation, and oocyte volume increases.
- At menarche, some oocytes resume meiosis.
- At fertilization, the oocyte is arrested in metaphase II.
- The oocyte becomes an ovum after a second polar body is expelled. Meiosis continues with sperm activation.
External Genitalia (Vulva)
- Includes labia majora, labia minora, clitoris, vulvar vestibule, urethral meatus, and vaginal orifice.
- Labia majora flank labia minora, merging anteriorly to form the mons pubis.
- The vulvar vestibule is medial to labia minora, containing urethral and vaginal openings. Bartholin glands are nearby.
- The vagina is a flexible, muscular tube connecting vulva to the cervix.
- The distal vagina is called the introitus.
- The vagina's anterior wall abuts the bladder, and the posterior wall abuts the rectum.
Internal Genitalia
- Uterus: Corpus (body), cervix, superior fundus, and inferior isthmus (lower uterine segment).
- Cervix: Tubular structure connecting uterus and vagina.
- Cervix Lining: Ectocervix (vaginal portion, stratified squamous epithelium) and endocervix (internal canal, columnar epithelium). Transformation zone marks the transition.
-
Fallopian tubes: Transport oocytes from ovaries to uterus.
- Fimbriae: Finger-like projections near the ovaries.
- Ampulla: Widest part of the tube.
- Isthmus: Narrow part leading to the uterus.
- Interstitial part: Part of the tube within the uterus.
Ovaries
- The ovaries are female gonads: Sites of gametogenesis and hormone secretion.
- Outer cortex: Follicle development site.
- Inner medulla: Contains blood vessels and connective tissue.
- Menarche: A woman's first menstrual bleed, signaling the start of reproductive years. This occurs with puberty (pubic hair growth, breast growth, etc.).
- Follicle Development: Prior to each cycle several primordial follicles develop, one becoming dominant and developing into a Graafian follicle.
- Ovulation: Graafian follicle releases (expels) an ovum from the ovary into the fallopian tube.
- Corpus Luteum: Remaining follicle tissue after ovulation releases progesterone. Plays a role in maintaining the uterine lining.
-
Menstrual Cycle Phases:
- Follicular phase: Menstrual bleeding to LH surge. Low estrogen and progesterone. Rising GnRH, FSH, and LH. Follicle maturation and estrogen production.
- Ovulation: LH surge, oocyte release,
- Luteal phase: LH surge to menstral bleeding start. Corpus luteum active, progesterone high (and estradiol).
- Cycle Length: 28 days average. Luteal phase is 14 days, follicular varies
- Fertilization absence: A drop in LH causes a decline in progesterone. Menstrual bleeding begins.
- Fertilization presence: the implant in the uterine lining & corpus luteum is maintained by chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), progesterone & estradiol levels remain to facilitate uterine lining support
Infertility
- Fecundability: Ability to conceive.
- Infertility: Failure to conceive after one year of regular unprotected sex.
- Common female factors: Ovulatory disorders, endometriosis, pelvic adhesions, tubal blockage, uterine/tubal abnormalities, hyperprolactinemia.
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Description
Explore the intricacies of the female reproductive system, which includes key functions such as menstruation, hormone regulation, and pregnancy. Understand the menstrual cycle, various tissues, and their roles in reproduction. Dive into essential details from menarche to menopause.
