Reproductive Anatomy Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What anatomical structure lies between the urinary bladder and the rectum?

  • Ovary
  • Uterus
  • Cervix
  • Vagina (correct)

Which layer is NOT part of the walls of the uterus?

  • Endometrium
  • Myometrium
  • Mesometrium (correct)
  • Perimetrium

What function does the vagina serve during childbirth?

  • Nourishes the embryo
  • Receives the fertilized egg
  • Acts as a passageway for the baby (correct)
  • Helps regulate menstrual flow

What is the approximate angle at which the vagina runs obliquely upwards and backwards?

<p>45° (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the type of epithelium lining the vagina?

<p>Stratified squamous epithelium (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the fingerlike projections at the end of the uterine tubes called?

<p>Fimbriae (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the vagina play during sexual intercourse?

<p>Serves as a receptacle for the penis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate length of the uterine tubes?

<p>10 cm (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the ovaries?

<p>Producing sex hormones and ova (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the medulla of the ovaries?

<p>Made up of fibrous tissue, blood vessels, and nerves (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure surrounds the medulla in the ovaries?

<p>Cortex (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs approximately every 28 days in the ovaries during the childbearing years?

<p>Graafian follicle matures and releases an ovum (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of tissue primarily makes up the cortex of the ovaries?

<p>Connective tissue or stroma (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do ovarian follicles vary during the reproductive cycle?

<p>They exist in various stages of maturity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is defined as an absence of menses for three cycles or 6 months?

<p>Secondary amenorrhea (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the ovaries is directly involved in hormone production?

<p>Cortex (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to a mature Graafian follicle during ovulation?

<p>It ruptures and releases an ovum into the peritoneal cavity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common cause of primary amenorrhea?

<p>Genetics (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is most likely to indicate dysmenorrhea?

<p>Painful periods (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can exacerbate the severity of menstrual cramps?

<p>Early age at menarche (A), Long or heavy periods (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition does not directly lead to secondary amenorrhea?

<p>Genetics (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what age is delayed menarche typically noted in young women?

<p>14 years (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about dysmenorrhea is accurate?

<p>It is less common in women with children. (B), It generally improves over the first few days of menstruation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Emotional upset is recognized as a cause of which type of amenorrhea?

<p>Secondary amenorrhea (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of premature menopause?

<p>Ovaries no longer releasing eggs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following can be considered a symptom of premature menopause?

<p>Night sweats (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of primary dysmenorrhea?

<p>It is associated with high prostaglandin levels. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of dietary supplementation is suggested for managing premature menopause?

<p>Omega-3 fatty acids (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is secondary dysmenorrhea often caused by?

<p>Tissue growing outside the uterus. (B), Noncancerous tumors within the uterus. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which treatment method is NOT listed for managing premature menopause?

<p>Chiropractic adjustments (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the age definition of premature menopause?

<p>Before age 40 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which physiological response is commonly triggered by prostaglandins during menstruation?

<p>Contraction of the uterus. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a non-pharmacological treatment option for premature menopause?

<p>Transcutaneous nerve stimulation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do fibroids play in secondary dysmenorrhea?

<p>They contribute to the overall pain experienced. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do prostaglandins affect nerve endings in the uterus during menstruation?

<p>They enhance the pain response. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common nutritional suggestion for women experiencing premature menopause?

<p>Low-fat diet (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following health techniques is advised for coping with symptoms of premature menopause?

<p>Heat therapy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT related to the occurrence of dysmenorrhea?

<p>High levels of hydration. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common cause of secondary dysmenorrhea?

<p>Endometriosis. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does excessive exercise play in dysmenorrhea?

<p>It can exacerbate existing dysmenorrhea conditions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is NOT typically associated with an ectopic pregnancy?

<p>Frequent urination (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition may cause referred shoulder pain?

<p>Ectopic pregnancy rupture (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a surgical option for managing an ectopic pregnancy?

<p>Salpingostomy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What symptom indicates a possible rupture of an ectopic pregnancy?

<p>Increased abdominal pain (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which treatment option involves the removal of the fallopian tube?

<p>Salpingectomy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common symptom experienced on one side of the body during an ectopic pregnancy?

<p>Localized pain (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom may accompany pelvic pain during ectopic pregnancy?

<p>Nausea and vomiting (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of conservative surgery for an ectopic pregnancy?

<p>Evacuate the tube and control bleeding (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What is the vagina?

The vagina is a fibromuscular tube that is lined with stratified squamous epithelium.

Where is the vagina located?

The vagina is located in the pelvic cavity, between the urinary bladder and the rectum.

What is one function of the vagina?

The vagina functions as the receptacle for the penis during sexual intercourse.

What is another function of the vagina?

The vagina provides an elastic passageway for the baby to pass during childbirth.

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What are the three layers of tissue in the uterus?

The uterus is composed of three tissue layers: perimetrium, myometrium, and endometrium.

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What is the perimetrium?

The perimetrium is the outer serous membrane of the uterus.

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What are the uterine tubes?

The uterine tubes, also known as Fallopian tubes, are about 10 cm long and extend from the sides of the uterus.

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What are fimbriae?

The uterine tubes have fingerlike projections called fimbriae at their ends.

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What are ovaries?

Female gonads (glands producing sex hormones and the ova).

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What is the medulla of an ovary?

The central part consisting of fibrous tissue, blood vessels, and nerves.

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What is the cortex of an ovary?

The outer layer surrounding the medulla, containing connective tissue and ovarian follicles.

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What is the stroma of the ovary?

A framework of connective tissue in the cortex, containing developing eggs.

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What are ovarian follicles?

Structures in the ovary that contain a developing egg.

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What is a Graafian follicle?

A mature ovarian follicle ready to release an egg.

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What is ovulation?

The release of an egg from a mature Graafian follicle into the peritoneal cavity.

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What does inhibin do?

A hormone produced by the ovaries that inhibits the release of FSH from the pituitary gland.

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Secondary amenorrhea

The absence of menstruation for three consecutive cycles or six consecutive months after a woman has already established a normal menstrual cycle.

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Primary amenorrhea

The complete absence of menstruation in a young woman who has never experienced a menstrual cycle.

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Dysmenorrhea

A condition where pain is experienced before, during, or after the menstrual cycle.

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What are some causes of primary amenorrhea?

Genetics, congenital disorders, and delayed menarche.

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What are some causes of secondary amenorrhea?

Breastfeeding, menopause, emotional upset, and some medications.

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Who are painful periods more common in?

Painful periods are more common in women who have never given birth.

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When is the pain of dysmenorrhea most intense?

The pain tends to be most intense around 24 hours after the period begins and lessens after 2-3 days.

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What can make dysmenorrhea more severe?

Severe dysmenorrhea may be experienced if menstrual periods started at an early age, periods are long or heavy.

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Primary Dysmenorrhea

Painful periods with no identifiable medical cause.

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Secondary Dysmenorrhea

Painful periods caused by underlying medical conditions.

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Endometriosis

Tissue that usually lines the uterus starts growing outside of the uterus.

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Fibroids

Noncancerous growths in the uterus made of muscle and fibrous tissue.

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Prostaglandins

Chemicals released during menstruation that can cause uterine contractions and pain.

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Primary Dysmenorrhea and Prostaglandins

High levels of prostaglandins can lead to more intense uterine contractions and pain.

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Prostaglandin sensitivity

Prostaglandins can make the uterus more sensitive to pain.

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Endometriosis and Secondary Dysmenorrhea

Endometriosis is a common cause of secondary dysmenorrhea.

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In vitro fertilization (IVF)

A medical procedure where an egg is fertilized by sperm outside of the body, the resulting embryo is then transferred to the uterus.

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Ectopic pregnancy

When a fertilized egg implants outside of the uterus, most commonly in the fallopian tube.

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Conservative surgery (ectopic pregnancy)

A possible treatment for an ectopic pregnancy that involves gently removing the embryo from the fallopian tube.

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Resection of the fallopian tube

A surgical procedure that removes a section of the fallopian tube and connects the remaining ends.

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Salpingostomy

A surgical procedure that creates an opening in the fallopian tube to remove an ectopic pregnancy and control bleeding.

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Salpingectomy

A surgical procedure that removes only the fallopian tube.

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Salpingo-oophorectomy

A surgical procedure that removes both the fallopian tube and ovary on the same side.

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Signs and symptoms of ectopic pregnancy

Common symptoms include light vaginal bleeding, pelvic pain, nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, pain on one side of the body, dizziness, weakness, and shoulder pain.

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What is premature menopause?

Premature menopause is the permanent end of menstrual periods before age 40. It happens when ovaries stop releasing eggs and producing hormones.

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What are some causes of premature menopause?

Premature menopause can occur due to various reasons, including genetic factors, autoimmune disorders, and certain medical treatments like chemotherapy.

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What are the symptoms of premature menopause?

Symptoms of premature menopause can vary from woman to woman. Some experience no symptoms except infertility, while others experience typical menopause symptoms like hot flashes and night sweats.

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How is premature menopause treated?

Treatment options for premature menopause aim to manage symptoms and address the underlying cause. Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) is often used, alongside other measures like lifestyle changes and alternative therapies.

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What are NSAIDs and prostaglandin blockers used for?

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and prostaglandin blockers are sometimes used to manage pain and inflammation associated with premature menopause.

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How do relaxation techniques help?

Relaxation techniques like yoga, meditation, and deep breathing exercises can help manage stress and anxiety, which are common during premature menopause.

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What is heat therapy used for?

Heat therapy, using hot packs or warm baths, can provide relief from hot flashes, a common symptom of premature menopause.

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How does nutrition play a role in premature menopause?

A low-fat diet with nutritional supplements like omega-3 fatty acids, flaxseed, magnesium, vitamin B1, vitamin E, and zinc can support overall health and well-being during premature menopause.

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Study Notes

Female Reproductive Disorders

  • Female Reproductive System Functions:
    • Produce ova (eggs)
    • Receive sperm
    • Support fertilization and fetal development
    • Allow childbirth (parturition)
    • Produce breast milk (lactation)

External Genitalia (Vulva)

  • Consists of:
    • Labia majora
    • Labia minora
    • Clitoris
    • Vestibule
    • Hymen
    • Bartholin's glands

Internal Genitalia

  • Located in the pelvic cavity
  • Includes:
    • Vagina
    • Uterus
    • Fallopian tubes (uterine tubes)
    • Ovaries

Vagina

  • Fibromuscular tube
  • Obliquely upward and backward
  • Functions:
    • Receives penis during intercourse (coitus)
    • Allows passage of baby during childbirth

Uterus

  • Hollow, pear-shaped, muscular organ
  • Located between urinary bladder and rectum
  • Functions:
    • Receives fertilized egg
    • Supports and nourishes the developing embryo
  • Structure:
    • Perimetrium (outer layer)
    • Myometrium (muscle layer)
    • Endometrium (inner lining)
  • Parts:
    • Fundus
    • Body
    • Cervix

Uterine Tubes (Fallopian Tubes)

  • Approximately 10 cm long
  • Extend from sides of uterus
  • Fimbriae (finger-like projections) at the end of each tube
  • Functions:
    • Propels ovum to uterus
    • Provides nourishment for ovum and sperm
    • Fertilization usually occurs in the uterine tube, and the zygote is propelled to the uterus for implantation

Ovaries

  • Female gonads, producing sex hormones and ova
  • Structure:
    • Medulla (center): fibrous tissue, blood vessels, nerves
    • Cortex (surrounds medulla): connective tissue (stroma), germinal epithelium, ovarian follicles
  • Ovulation:
    • One or more ovarian follicle matures every 28 days
    • Releases ovum into peritoneal cavity
    • Ruptured follicle transforms into corpus luteum
    • Corpus luteum degenerates into corpus albicans

Ovarian Cycle

  • Follicular phase:

    • Egg develops in a follicle
    • Follicle matures into Graafian follicle
    • FSH stimulates follicle growth
    • Estrogen from follicle triggers LH release
    • Egg is released in ovulation

  • Ovulation: Egg released from follicle (LH surge).

  • Luteal phase (after ovulation):

    • Corpus luteum develops from exploded follicle
    • Produces progesterone and estrogen
    • Progesterone prepares the uterus for pregnancy

Menstrual Disorders

  • Abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB):
    • Polymenorrhea (frequent periods)
    • Metrorrhagia (bleeding between periods)
    • Menorrhagia (prolonged/excessive bleeding)
    • Oligomenorrhea (reduced flow)
    • Amenorrhea (absence of periods)

Dysmenorrhea

  • Primary: no identifiable pelvic pathology
    • High prostaglandin levels cause uterine contractions, reducing blood flow and making nerve endings more sensitive to pain
  • Secondary: with underlying pathology
    • Endometriosis (endometrial tissue outside uterus)
    • Fibroids (noncancerous tumors in uterine wall)
    • Adenomyosis (endometrial tissue within uterine wall)

Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS)

  • Group of physical and psychological symptoms
  • Before and during menstruation
  • Possible causes:
    • Estrogen/progesterone fluctuations
    • Genetic predisposition
    • Low serotonin levels
    • Magnesium/calcium deficiency

Premature Menopause

  • Permanent cessation of periods before age 40
  • Ovaries stop releasing eggs and producing hormones

Menopause

  • Permanent cessation of menstrual periods
  • Ovaries stop producing estrogen and progesterone
  • Symptoms: hot flashes, night sweats, vaginal dryness

Uterine Prolapse

  • Uterus descends into vagina
  • Weakening of supporting tissues & ligaments

Cystocele & Rectocele

  • Cystocele: bladder drops into vagina
  • Rectocele: rectum bulges into vagina

Fistulas

  • Abnormal openings between internal organs, such as:
    • Vesicovaginal fistula (bladder-vagina)
    • Rectovaginal fistula (rectum-vagina)
    • Cervical fistula (cervix-other organ)
    • Enterovaginal fistula (intestine-vagina)

Infertility

  • Inability to conceive after a year of unprotected intercourse
    • Primary infertility: never conceived
    • Secondary infertility: conceived before but not now

Ectopic Pregnancy

  • Pregnancy outside the uterus
    • Usually in fallopian tubes (tubal pregnancy)

Abortion

  • Termination of pregnancy before viability
    • Spontaneous abortion (miscarriage)
    • Induced abortion
    • Different stages include: threatened, inevitable, incomplete

Hydatidiform Mole

  • Abnormal growth of placental tissue
  • Types: complete (no fetus), partial (some fetal development)

Breast Cancer

  • Malignant tumor of the breast
  • Common types: ductal, lobular
  • Classified by stage and grade
    • Stage 0-IV
    • Grade I-IV

Ovarian Cysts

  • Fluid-filled sacs on the ovary
    • Functional cysts (common, harmless, short-lived)
    • Pathological cysts (result of abnormal cell growth)

Uterine Fibroids (Leiomyomas)

  • Benign tumors in uterine wall or cervix
  • Classifications: Submucosal, Subserosal, Intramural

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)

  • Endocrine disorder with insulin resistance and increased androgens
  • Symptoms: irregular periods, obesity, acne, hirsutism

Cervical Cancer

  • Cancer of the cervix, often caused by HPV
  • Stages: 0-IV (preinvasive or invasive)

Endometrial (Uterine) Cancer

  • Cancer originating from the uterine lining, related to menopause

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