Reproduction in Organisms
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Questions and Answers

What is the process of formation of male and female gametes called?

  • Gametogenesis (correct)
  • Meiosis
  • Fertilisation
  • Pollination

Which term describes organisms that possess both male and female reproductive organs?

  • Monoecious
  • Hermaphrodites (correct)
  • Dioecious
  • Heterothallic

In which type of organisms are both gametes typically motile?

  • Fungi and algae (correct)
  • Gymnosperms
  • Higher plants
  • Animals

What term is used for the transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma?

<p>Pollination (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true about gametes?

<p>Gametes can be similar in structure. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of plants typically require water for the motility of their gametes?

<p>Bryophytes and pteridophytes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In diploid organisms, how do gamete mother cells form gametes?

<p>By meiotic division (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is true regarding isogametes?

<p>They are similar in structure. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main outcome of fertilization or syngamy?

<p>Formation of a diploid zygote (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which type of fertilization does syngamy occur outside the organism?

<p>External fertilization (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process involves the development of an embryo from the zygote?

<p>Embryogenesis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do organisms with external fertilization typically produce gametes?

<p>In large numbers released into the environment (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during parthenogenesis?

<p>Development without fertilization of female gametes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of viviparous organisms?

<p>They produce young ones inside the body (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In organisms with haplontic life cycles, what does the zygote divide to form?

<p>Haploid spores (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the sepals, petals, and stamens of a flower after fertilization?

<p>They fall off the flower (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of asexual reproduction?

<p>Produces genetically identical offspring to the parent. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a method of asexual reproduction?

<p>Pollination (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the lifespan of an organism?

<p>The duration from birth to natural death. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which organisms does cell division serve as the mode of reproduction?

<p>In Protista and Monera. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of reproductive structures might fungi use for reproduction?

<p>Conidia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of vegetative reproduction?

<p>Production of bulbs. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential ecological impact of water hyacinth?

<p>Drains oxygen from water, leading to fish deaths. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do both asexual and sexual reproduction have in common?

<p>They both produce offspring. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the juvenile phase in plants known as?

<p>Vegetative phase (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the outcome of sexual reproduction?

<p>Offspring have genetic variations (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What hormone-related cycle occurs in female placental animals?

<p>Menstrual cycle (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which phase does the female permit copulation in the estrous cycle?

<p>Oestrous period (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which plant is known to flower once in its lifetime, typically after a long period?

<p>Strobilanthus kunthiana (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the broken endometrium during the estrous cycle?

<p>It is reabsorbed (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant transition occurs between different phases of the life cycle in both plants and animals?

<p>Interaction between hormones and environmental factors (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What marks the end of the reproductive phase in organisms?

<p>Senescent phase (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Reproduction

The process by which new organisms are produced from pre-existing ones.

Life Span

The period from an organism's birth to its natural death.

Asexual Reproduction

Reproduction involving a single parent, without the fusion of gametes, creating offspring genetically identical to the parent.

Sexual Reproduction

Reproduction involving two parents, with the fusion of male and female gametes, creating offspring with diverse genetic makeup.

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Binary Fission

A form of asexual reproduction where a single-celled organism divides into two identical daughter cells.

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Budding

A form of asexual reproduction where a parent organism produces a small outgrowth that detaches and develops into a new individual.

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Vegetative Propagules

A reproductive structure produced by some organisms, like fungi and algae, for asexual reproduction.

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Water Hyacinth

An invasive aquatic plant known for its rapid growth and negative impact on water bodies.

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Juvenile phase

The period before an organism reaches sexual maturity, also known as the vegetative phase in plants.

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Reproductive phase

The period when an organism is capable of sexual reproduction.

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Senescent phase

The stage of an organism's life after the reproductive phase, marking the end of its ability to reproduce.

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Menstrual cycle

The reproductive cycle in female primates like monkeys, apes, and humans, characterized by a monthly flow of blood. The cycle is divided into three phases: menstrual, proliferative, and secretory.

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Oestrous cycle

The reproductive cycle in non-primate mammals like cows, sheep, and rats, characterized by a short period of heat (oestrous) followed by a period of inactivity (anoestrous).

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Hormones and reproduction

Hormones play a crucial role in regulating the transitions between different life stages, including the juvenile, reproductive, and senescent phases.

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Gametogenesis

The process of forming male and female gametes (sperm and egg) in sexually reproducing organisms.

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Gametes

Sex cells (sperm and egg) that contain half the number of chromosomes of a normal cell.

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Isogametes

Gametes that are similar in structure, often found in algae.

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Heterogametes

Gametes that differ in structure, with male gametes being smaller and motile while female gametes are larger and non-motile.

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Gamete Transfer

The process of transferring male gametes (sperm) to the female gametes (eggs) in sexually reproducing organisms.

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Staminate Flower

A unisexual flower that has only stamens (male reproductive parts).

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Pistillate Flower

A unisexual flower that has only pistils (female reproductive parts).

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Bisexual or Hermaphrodite

Organisms that possess both male and female reproductive organs in the same individual (e.g., earthworms, sponges, tapeworms).

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Fertilization

The fusion of male and female gametes, resulting in the formation of a diploid zygote.

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Parthenogenesis

The process by which new organisms develop without the fusion of gametes, resulting in offspring that are genetically identical to the parent.

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External fertilization

A form of reproduction in which syngamy occurs outside the body of the organism. Large numbers of gametes are released into the surrounding medium.

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Internal fertilization

A form of reproduction in which syngamy occurs inside the body of the organism. Fewer ova are produced, but a larger number of male gametes are released to travel towards the ovum.

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Embryogenesis

The development of an embryo from a zygote, involving mitotic cell division and cell differentiation.

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Oviparous

A type of organism whose zygote develops outside the body of the parent, laying eggs that contain the developing young.

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Viviparous

A type of organism whose zygote develops inside the body of the parent, giving birth to live young.

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Pollination

The process of pollen grain germination on the stigma, forming a pollen tube that delivers the male gametes to the ovule.

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Study Notes

Reproduction in Organisms

  • Reproduction is the biological process of creating new offspring from existing organisms.
  • It's essential for the survival of species.
  • Life span is the period from birth to natural death of an organism.
  • Life spans vary greatly, from days to thousands of years.

Types of Reproduction

  • Asexual Reproduction:

    • Offspring produced by a single parent.
    • No gamete involvement.
    • Offspring are genetically and morphologically identical to the parent (clones).
    • Common in simpler organisms.
    • Methods include: binary fission, budding, vegetative propagation (runners, rhizomes, tubers, bulbs, suckers, etc.), zoospores, conidia, and gemmules.

  • Sexual Reproduction:

    • Involves two parents (opposite sex).
    • Involves gamete formation and fusion.
    • Offspring are genetically different from parents.
    • Common in more complex organisms.

Asexual Reproduction Details

  • Often occurs in simpler organisms.
  • Offspring are produced from a single parent.
  • Gamete formation may or may not be involved.
  • Offspring are genetically and morphologically similar to the parent. They are clones.
  • Processes like binary fission, budding in protists and monera.
  • Vegetative propagation in plants through various vegetative parts.
  • Spores (in fungi, algae).

Sexual Reproduction Details

  • Involves two individuals of opposite sex.
  • Formation of male and female gametes.
  • Fusion of male and female gametes.
  • Offspring are not identical to either parent.

Different Phases of Sexual Reproduction

  • Juvenile Phase: Period between birth and sexual maturity. In plants, this is the vegetative phase.
  • Reproductive Phase: Characterized by flowering patterns, seasonal changes (some plants), hormonal changes in animals, and the length of reproductive cycles (e.g., menstrual cycle (monkeys, apes, humans), and oestrous cycle (cows, sheep)).
  • Senescent Phase: End of reproductive phase and ultimately leads to death.

Events in Sexual Reproduction

  • Pre-fertilisation: Gametogenesis and gamete transfer.
    • Gametogenesis: Formation of male and female gametes.
      • Isogametes: Gametes similar in structure.
      • Heterogametes: Gametes different in structure (e.g., sperm, ovum).
    • Gamete Transfer: Transfer of male gametes to female gametes. This is via various methods in different organisms.
  • Fertilisation: Fusion of male and female gametes.
  • Post-fertilisation: Events following fertilisation (e.g., zygote formation, embryo development, and embryogenesis).

External vs. Internal Fertilisation

  • External Fertilisation: Gametes are released into an external environment. (e.g., bony fish)
  • Internal Fertilisation: Gametes fuse inside the body of the organism. (e.g., mammals)

Embryogenesis

  • Process of embryo development from the zygote.
  • Involves mitotic divisions and cell differentiation.
  • Leads to the formation of new organs and body organization.

Oviparous and Viviparous Reproduction

  • Oviparous: Embryo development occurs outside the mother's body. Eggs are laid and hatch later (e.g., birds, reptiles).
  • Viviparous: Embryo development occurs inside the mother's body. Young ones are born alive (e.g., humans, mammals).

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CBSE Class 12 Biology Revision Notes PDF

Description

Explore the fascinating world of reproduction in organisms. This quiz covers both asexual and sexual reproduction, detailing various methods and their significance in biological diversity. Test your understanding of the concepts related to life spans and the processes involved in creating new life.

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