Biology: Asexual vs Sexual Reproduction
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Questions and Answers

What is the main advantage of sexual reproduction?

  • It produces offspring that are identical to the parent.
  • It requires less energy than asexual reproduction.
  • It allows for genetic variation in the offspring. (correct)
  • It is a faster process than asexual reproduction.

    • What is a disadvantage of sexual reproduction?

  • It requires less energy than asexual reproduction.
  • It produces fewer offspring. (correct)
  • It produces offspring that are identical to the parent.
  • It is a faster process than asexual reproduction.

    • What is the process of producing gametes called?

  • Fertilization
  • Cleavage
  • Meiosis (correct)
  • Mitosis

    • What is the term for a cell that contains half the number of chromosomes as a normal body cell?

    <p>Haploid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the male gamete in humans?

    <p>Sperm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct term for the fusion of a sperm and an egg cell?

    <p>Fertilization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct order of stages in meiosis?

    <p>Prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, Telophase I, Prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II, Telophase II</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of meiosis?

    <p>Four genetically different haploid daughter cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the process where pollen grains transfer to the stigma of a flower?

    <p>Pollination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the process where a pollen tube grows toward the egg cell?

    <p>Germination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the process where the pollen tube penetrates the ovule?

    <p>Fertilization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the stigma in a flower?

    <p>To receive pollen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the anther in a flower?

    <p>To produce pollen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Self-pollination occurs when pollen grains are transferred from:

    <p>The anther of one flower to the stigma of the same flower</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a method of pollination?

    <p>Sunlight</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between mitosis and meiosis?

    <p>Mitosis produces identical diploid daughter cells, while meiosis produces four genetically different haploid daughter cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes the components of a nucleotide?

    <p>Sugar (deoxyribose), phosphate, nitrogenous base (A, T, C, G)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What nitrogenous base pairs with Guanine (G) in a DNA molecule?

    <p>Cytosine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a difference between DNA and RNA?

    <p>DNA is located in the cytoplasm, while RNA is located in the nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of Messenger RNA (mRNA) in protein synthesis?

    <p>To act as the template for protein synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a stage of mitosis?

    <p>Interphase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of mitosis do chromosomes align at the center of the cell?

    <p>Metaphase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between cytokinesis in plant and animal cells?

    <p>Plant cells form a cell plate, while animal cells constrict the cell membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which stage of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur?

    <p>S phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the spindle fibers during mitosis?

    <p>To separate sister chromatids to opposite poles of the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the structure that holds sister chromatids together?

    <p>Centromere</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many daughter cells are produced after a single round of mitosis?

    <p>2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe any permanent change in the DNA sequence?

    <p>Mutation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which scientist(s) is credited with discovering the double helix structure of DNA?

    <p>James Watson and Francis Crick</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process called when the cytoplasm divides during cell division?

    <p>Cytokinesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the process of fertilization?

    <p>The fusion of a sperm cell and an egg cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the ovule in the process of seed formation?

    <p>To contain the female gamete</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary definition of heredity?

    <p>The passage of biological traits from parents to offspring through the inheritance of genes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes a trait?

    <p>A genetically determined characteristic or condition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best explains the difference between nature and nurture?

    <p>Nature is about inherited genes; nurture involves the life experiences and environment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary process in asexual reproduction called?

    <p>Binary fission.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which example best illustrates fragmentation as a method of asexual reproduction?

    <p>A starfish regrowing a part of its severed arm.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one advantage of asexual reproduction?

    <p>Production of large numbers of offspring quickly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of vegetative reproduction?

    <p>The parent organism produces new individuals from its body parts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of organism commonly reproduces through budding?

    <p>Coral.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are chromatids?

    <p>Singular copies of the DNA on a chromosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the structure of the centromere?

    <p>It holds the chromatids together and is situated in the middle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary role of ribosomes in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Protein synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do muscle cells have more mitochondria than other cell types?

    <p>They require more energy for movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about eukaryotic cells is true?

    <p>They contain membrane-bound organelles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the cell membrane?

    <p>Control the movement of substances in and out of the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle is responsible for photosynthesis in plant cells?

    <p>Chloroplasts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a defining characteristic of prokaryotic cells?

    <p>They lack membrane-bound organelles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of vacuoles in plant cells?

    <p>Store water and nutrients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do centrioles play in cell division?

    <p>They help organize and anchor the spindle fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the semi-permeability of the cell membrane important?

    <p>It selectively controls what enters and exits the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure helps in the mobility of cells through its hair-like projections?

    <p>Cilia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the Golgi bodies in a cell?

    <p>Packaging and modifying proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have in common?

    <p>Ribosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Asexual Reproduction

    • Definition: Formation of offspring without a mate. Identical offspring are produced.
    • Methods: Binary fission (mitosis), budding, spores, fragmentation, vegetative reproduction (propagation).
    • Examples: Bacteria, protists, ameobas (binary fission), hydra (budding), molds, ferns (spores), starfish, flatworms (fragmentation), plants like pothos, strawberries, spider plants, potatoes, tulips, and aspen trees (vegetative propagation).
    • Advantages: Large numbers of offspring, no energy needed for finding a mate, little/no parental care, only one organism needed.
    • Disadvantages: Offspring are clones (vulnerable to disease or mutation), extreme temperatures wipe out entire colonies, offspring compete for resources (food, space).

    Sexual Reproduction

    • Definition: Reproduction via the union of male and female reproductive cells (gametes). Genetically varied offspring produced by two parents.
    • Advantages: Genetic variation allows more organisms to survive in changing environments.
    • Disadvantages: Takes more time and energy (finding a mate, fusion of gametes), exposure to conditions (disease, predators, harsh environment) when finding a mate, fewer offspring, offspring take longer to mature, parental care is often required.

    Meiosis

    • Definition: Process of producing gametes (sex cells).
    • Purpose: Produces 4 haploid daughter cells, each genetically different.
    • Outcome: 4 haploid daughter cells – each with half the genetic material of the parent cell (n).
    • Haploid: Half the genetic material (n).
    • Diploid: Double the genetic material (2n).
    • Human Haploid number: 23
    • Human Diploid number: 46
    • Stages:
      • Prophase I: Chromosomes condense, nuclear membrane disappears, centrioles move, homologous chromosomes pair up and crossing over occurs, spindle fibers attach.
      • Metaphase I: Homologous pairs line up in the middle of the cell (a lines).
      • Anaphase I: Spindle fibres contract, bringing homologous chromosomes to opposite poles.
      • Telophase I (and cytokinesis): Spindle fibers break up, nuclear membrane may reform, cytokinesis creates 2 cells.
      • Prophase II: Centrioles move to opposite sides, spindle fibres reattach.
      • Metaphase II: Spindle fibres line up chromosomes in the middle of the cell in single file.
      • Anaphase II: Spindle fibers contract, moving sister chromatids to opposite poles.
      • Telophase II (and cytokinesis): Nuclear membrane reforms, spindle fibres disappear, chromosomes decondense, two cells split into 4 haploid cells.

    Fertilization

    • Definition: Fusion of male and female gametes to form a single-celled zygote.
    • Human Process:
      • Sperm meets egg in fallopian tube.
      • Sperm head reacts with egg membrane, breaking it down.
      • Membranes fuse, sperm nucleus enters egg.
      • Egg membrane hardens, preventing additional sperm entry.
      • Egg and sperm nuclei combine, forming a diploid zygote.
    • Plant Process: via pollination, pollen grain reaches stigma of flower, pollen tube grows to ovule, nuclei fuse, fertilized ovule forms seed.

    Heredity and Traits

    • Heredity: Biological transmission of traits from parents to offspring via genes.
    • Traits: Genetically determined characteristics (physical or behavioral).
    • Genes: Segments of DNA—basic units of heredity. They determine traits.
    • Offspring: New living things from one or more parents.
    • "Nature vs. Nurture": Nature refers to inherited genes; nurture refers to environmental influence. Both shape an individual.

    Darwin's Finches and Evolution

    • Darwin's Theory: Variation (sometimes caused by mutations) in sexual reproduction creates favorable traits, leading to new species.
    • Finches: Darwin's finches displayed diverse beak shapes and sizes, adapting to different food sources across the Galapagos Islands; this demonstrates evolution by natural selection.

    Gametes

    • Definition: Sex cells (e.g., sperm, ovum/egg, pollen) with half the chromosome number of a typical body cell.

    DNA Structure and Replication

    • DNA: Deoxyribonucleic Acid.
    • Monomer: Nucleotide (sugar, phosphate, nitrogenous base).
    • Bases: Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Cytosine (C), Guanine (G).
    • Structure: Double helix, twisted ladder.
      • Sides: Sugar + phosphate.
      • Rungs: Nitrogenous bases (A with T, C with G).
    • Bonding:
      • Sugar/phosphate: Covalent bonds.
      • Bases: Hydrogen bonds.
    • Replication: DNA unwinds before mitosis, is copied by enzymes to produce two identical strands matching the first.

    RNA

    • Definition: Ribonucleic Acid, carries coding instructions from nucleus to cytoplasm to build proteins.
    • Types: mRNA (carries message from nucleus), rRNA (in ribosomes), tRNA (carries amino acids).
    • Differences from DNA: Single-stranded, ribose sugar, Uracil (U) instead of Thymine (T).

    Genes & Mutations

    • Gene: Unit of DNA providing protein instructions.
    • Mutation: Permanent change in DNA sequence.
    • Causes: Errors during DNA replication, exposure to radiation, and other risks.

    Cell Cycle

    • Stages: Interphase (cell growth, functions, DNA replication), Mitosis (nuclear division), Cytokinesis (cytoplasm division).
    • Mitosis: Process of cell division resulting in 2 identical diploid daughter cell.
    • Cytokinesis: Cytoplasm division (difference in plant & animal cells).
    • Chromatin: DNA strands organized around proteins.
    • Chromosomes: Condensed chromatin for cell division.
    • Chromatids: Single copy of the DNA on a chromosome.
    • Centromeres: Hold chromatids together at center.

    Cell Theory

    • Concepts:
      • All living things are composed of cells.
      • Cells are the smallest unit of life.
      • All cells come from pre-existing cells.

    Prokaryotic Cells

    • Definition: Simple cells without a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles.
    • Key Structures: Slime capsule, cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleoid, plasmid, ribosomes, pili, flagella.

    Eukaryotic Cells

    • Definition: Complex cells with a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
    • Key Structures: Variety of organelles with specific functions; includes mitochondria, rough ER, smooth ER, Golgi apparatus, vesicles, vacuoles, lysosomes, chloroplasts (plant cells only), centrioles (animal cells only), cytoskeleton.

    Cell Function and Organelle Roles

    • Organelles Provide functions: Muscle cells need more mitochondria for energy production.
    • Flow of Photosynthesis products: Photosynthesis products (sugar) are transferred to mitochondria for energy.
    • Cell Membrane: Semi-permeable for selective material passage.
    • Plant Vacuoles: Often larger in plant cells, suited for storing water.
    • Nucleus: One nucleus per cell for single-set of DNA instructions, cellular control.

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    Description

    Explore the differences between asexual and sexual reproduction in this quiz. Understand the definitions, methods, advantages, and disadvantages of each reproductive strategy, along with examples from various organisms. Test your knowledge on how these processes impact genetic variation and survival.

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