Reproduction at the Cellular Level
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the mitotic spindle during cell division?

  • To dissolve the nuclear envelope
  • To elongate the cleavage furrow
  • To form microfilaments
  • To separate chromosomes (correct)

Which protein is compared to tubulin in prokaryotic cell division processes?

  • Actin
  • FtsZ (correct)
  • Myosin
  • Crysin

What structural component makes up the mitotic spindle fibers?

  • Microfilaments
  • Polymers of RNA
  • Microtubules (correct)
  • Plasma membranes

During cell division in eukaryotes, what happens to the nuclear envelope?

<p>It dissolves and re-forms (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cells exhibit intermediary steps in division that relate to the mitotic spindle?

<p>Single-celled eukaryotes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three stages of interphase?

<p>G1, S, G2 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which phase does DNA replication occur?

<p>S Phase (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the centrosome during the S phase?

<p>It is duplicated. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure plays a critical role in organizing cell division?

<p>Centrosome (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is primarily replenished during the G2 phase?

<p>Energy stores (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do sister chromatids form during the S phase?

<p>Two identical chromosomes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What phase must be completed before entering mitosis?

<p>G2 Phase (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the mitotic spindle?

<p>To separate sister chromatids (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the G1 checkpoint in the cell cycle?

<p>To determine if conditions are favorable for cell division (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two major phases of the cell cycle?

<p>Interphase and mitosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which phase do cells enter when they are not actively preparing to divide?

<p>G0 phase (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How long is the average cell cycle duration for rapidly dividing human cells?

<p>Approximately 24 hours (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of interphase involves DNA replication?

<p>S phase (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can cause mutations to be passed to new cells during division?

<p>Mistakes in chromosome duplication or distribution (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which phase of the cell cycle does cytokinesis occur?

<p>After mitosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens at the cell cycle checkpoints?

<p>The cycle can be paused until conditions are favorable (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the quiescent G0 phase?

<p>Temporary suspension from the cell cycle (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs at the internal control checkpoints during the cell cycle?

<p>Assessment of the cell's readiness to move to the next phase (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which specialized cells can spend an entire human lifetime in G0?

<p>Cortical neurons (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the contractile ring composed of actin filaments during cell division?

<p>To pull the cell membrane inward (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which checkpoint assesses the attachment of kinetochores to spindle fibers?

<p>M checkpoint (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens during the mitotic phase?

<p>DNA condenses and chromosomes are separated (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common duration for epithelial cells' cell turnover in humans?

<p>Two to five days (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do homologous chromosomes differ from sex chromosomes?

<p>Homologous chromosomes share the same genes; sex chromosomes have different genes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the cleavage furrow and how is it formed in animal cells?

<p>An inward pull of the plasma membrane by actin filaments (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do plant cells differ from animal cells during division?

<p>They create a new cell wall instead of a furrow (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process follows mitosis in the cell cycle?

<p>Cytokinesis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure forms between daughter cells in plant cells during cytokinesis?

<p>Cell plate (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do Golgi vesicles play during telophase in cells?

<p>They fuse to form the cell plate or assist in membrane formation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to cells that remain in the G0 phase?

<p>They are in a quiescent stage and do not divide (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cells typically remains permanently in the G0 phase?

<p>Cardiac muscle cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of enzymes that accumulate in the Golgi apparatus during interphase?

<p>To help build a new cell wall of cellulose (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of minor mistakes in protein formation within a cell?

<p>They may be passed to daughter cells and accumulate. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are proto-oncogenes responsible for in the cell cycle?

<p>They promote cell cycle regulation positively. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens when a proto-oncogene is mutated into an oncogene?

<p>There is an increase in the rate of the cell cycle. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs following a mutation that enhances the activity of Cdk?

<p>The cell cycle may progress beyond checkpoints prematurely. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What could happen to daughter cells that originate from a mutated parent cell?

<p>They may be less functional or non-functional. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do tumor suppressor genes play in the context of cell cycle regulation?

<p>They negatively regulate the cell cycle. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can an increase in mutations in cell cycle regulatory genes impact the cells?

<p>It may lead to the accumulation of more mutations. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of a cell inheriting a mutation in a positive regulator gene?

<p>Cell division is expedited without prerequisites. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Homologous Chromosomes

Pairs of chromosomes with similar gene sequences.

Sex Chromosomes

X and Y chromosomes that differ significantly in gene content.

Interphase

The cell growth and DNA replication stage before mitosis.

Mitosis

The part of the cell cycle where the duplicated chromosomes are separated into two new nuclei.

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Cytokinesis

The process of dividing the cell's cytoplasm and creating two separate daughter cells.

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Cell Cycle

The ordered series of events in cell growth, DNA replication, and division.

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G1 Phase

The cell growth and protein synthesis phase of interphase.

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G2 Phase

Further growth and protein synthesis phase of interphase.

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Cleavage furrow formation

The process of cell division in animal cells where the cell membrane pinches in forming a furrow to divide the cytoplasm.

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Cell plate formation

The process of cell division in plant cells where vesicles from the Golgi apparatus fuse to form a cell plate that develops into a new cell wall.

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Cleavage furrow location

The cleavage furrow forms at the metaphase plate (the middle of the cell).

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Cell plate formation location

The cell plate starts at the metaphase plate and grows outward.

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Cell wall material

Plant cell walls are made of cellulose.

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Golgi apparatus role

The Golgi apparatus is key in cell division, producing vesicles containing materials for cell wall formation in plant cells.

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Interphase stages

The three stages of interphase are G1, S, and G2.

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Cytokinesis difference in plants/animals

Animal cells divide via a cleavage furrow, while plant cells form a cell plate.

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Sister Chromatids

Identical copies of a chromosome created during DNA replication.

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Mitotic phase

The stage of cell division where the nucleus and cytoplasm divide to form two daughter cells.

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Centrosome

Organelle that forms the mitotic spindle, which organizes chromosome movement during mitosis.

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DNA Replication (in Interphase)

The process of creating two identical copies of the cell's DNA during interphase (S phase).

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Cell cycle length variation

The time it takes for a cell to complete the cell cycle can differ greatly depending on cell type and environment.

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Internal checkpoints

Control mechanisms within cells that ensure accurate DNA duplication and distribution during cell division.

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G1 checkpoint

A major cell cycle checkpoint that assesses DNA integrity and cell size before committing to cell division.

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Mitotic Spindle

A structure made of microtubules that separates chromosomes during mitosis. It forms from the centrioles in animal cells and elongates the cell.

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G2 checkpoint

Cell cycle checkpoint that checks for proper chromosome duplication before entering mitosis.

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Cleavage Furrow

A groove that forms in the cell membrane during cytokinesis in animal cells. It pinches the cell in two, dividing the cytoplasm.

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M checkpoint

A checkpoint in the cell cycle that ensures all chromosomes are correctly attached to the spindle fibers before division.

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FtsZ Protein

A protein involved in cell division in prokaryotes. It's similar to tubulin, the protein that makes up microtubules in eukaryotes.

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Daughter cells

The two new cells produced as a result of cell division.

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Microtubules

Long, cylindrical structures made of tubulin protein. They form the mitotic spindle and are involved in many important cell processes.

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Binary Fission

The process of cell division in prokaryotes. It's simpler than mitosis and doesn't involve a nucleus.

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Proto-oncogenes

Normal genes that regulate cell growth and division. When mutated, they become oncogenes and can contribute to cancer.

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Oncogenes

Mutated versions of proto-oncogenes that promote uncontrolled cell growth and division, leading to cancer.

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Tumor Suppressor Genes

Genes that normally inhibit or slow down cell growth and division. Mutations in these genes can lead to cancer.

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What happens when a proto-oncogene mutates?

A proto-oncogene mutation can create an oncogene, leading to increased cell division and potentially cancer. This usually occurs due to an increase in the activity of a positive cell cycle regulator.

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What happens when a tumor suppressor gene mutates?

A tumor suppressor gene mutation can cause a loss of normal cell cycle control, leading to increased cell division and potentially cancer. This occurs due to a loss of function in the gene's ability to regulate the cell cycle.

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How do mutations accumulate?

Mutations can accumulate over time as cells divide, especially when DNA repair mechanisms are compromised. These accumulated mutations can contribute to the development of cancer.

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Why is the pace of the cell cycle affected?

The pace of the cell cycle can be affected by mutations in genes that regulate the cell cycle. These mutations can cause the cell cycle to accelerate, leading to uncontrolled growth and cancer.

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What happens to cells with uncorrected DNA damage?

Cells with uncorrected DNA damage can accumulate more mutations over generations, eventually leading to uncontrolled growth and the formation of tumors.

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Study Notes

Reproduction at the Cellular Level

  • Cells reproduce through cell division
  • Cell reproduction is important for growth, repair, and regeneration of tissues in multicellular organisms
  • Single-celled organisms use cell division for reproduction
  • The genome is a cell's complete set of DNA
  • Prokaryotic genome is a single, double-stranded DNA molecule in a loop or circle, located in the nucleoid region
  • Eukaryotic genome consists of several linear DNA molecules bound with proteins to form chromosomes
  • Humans have 46 chromosomes (2n) in somatic cells, and 23 chromosomes (n) in sex cells (gametes)
  • Homologous chromosomes are matched pairs of chromosomes with the same length and gene locations
  • Genes are functional units of chromosomes that code for proteins, determining traits (different forms of characteristics)
  • Chromosomes are responsible for traits, and different combinations lead to individual variation

The Cell Cycle

  • The cell cycle is an ordered sequence of stages from a single parent cell dividing to produce two new daughter cells
  • Interphase is the growth and DNA replication phase (G1, S, and G2 phases)
  • G1 phase: cell growth, protein synthesis, accumulating materials for DNA replication
  • S phase: DNA synthesis copying the genetic material and doubling the amount of DNA, and replication of centrosomes
  • G2 phase: further cell growth, protein synthesis, preparing for cell division, and accumulating energy reserves
  • Mitotic phase: the division of the duplicated DNA and cytoplasmic contents (mitosis and cytokinesis)

Cancer and the Cell Cycle

  • Cancer is uncontrolled cell division
  • Proto-oncogenes are normal genes with positive cell-cycle regulators; if mutated, they become oncogenes
  • Tumor suppressor genes are negative cell-cycle regulators; if mutated, they can lead to uncontrolled cell growth.
  • Mutations in genes that regulate the cell cycle can cause cancer
  • Mutated p53 genes have been found in many cancers, and prevent cells that are damaged from dying
  • Checkpoints control the cell cycle, making sure everything is correct before going to the next phase

Prokaryotic Cell Division

  • Binary fission is the process of prokaryotic cell division
  • During binary fission, the single circular chromosome is replicated, and two copies then move to opposite ends of the cell
  • The cell elongates, and a septum is formed in the middle of the cell, separating the replicated DNA into two new cells
  • FtsZ protein plays a critical role in cytokinesis in dividing prokaryotic cells, similar to tubulin in eukaryotic cells.

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Chapter 06 Reproduction at the Cellular Level PDF

Description

Explore the fascinating process of cellular reproduction, including cell division and the importance it holds for growth, repair, and regeneration in multicellular organisms. Delve into the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic genomes, and understand the role of chromosomes and genes in determining individual traits. Test your knowledge of these critical biological concepts.

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