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Cell division typically results in one parent cell dividing into three daughter cells.
Cell division typically results in one parent cell dividing into three daughter cells.
False
Each DNA molecule is composed of nucleotides.
Each DNA molecule is composed of nucleotides.
True
The structure of DNA is referred to as a triple helix.
The structure of DNA is referred to as a triple helix.
False
Mitosis produces genetically identical daughter cells.
Mitosis produces genetically identical daughter cells.
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Genes are segments of protein found within chromosomes.
Genes are segments of protein found within chromosomes.
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Each daughter cell receives half the cytoplasm from the parent cell.
Each daughter cell receives half the cytoplasm from the parent cell.
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The nucleotides in DNA consist of a phosphate, a sugar, and three different bases.
The nucleotides in DNA consist of a phosphate, a sugar, and three different bases.
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Cell division is not involved in the transmission of hereditary information.
Cell division is not involved in the transmission of hereditary information.
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Cell division is required for growth, development and repair of unicellular organisms.
Cell division is required for growth, development and repair of unicellular organisms.
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The process of cell division in eukaryotic cells that allows organisms to grow is called mitotic cell division.
The process of cell division in eukaryotic cells that allows organisms to grow is called mitotic cell division.
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After cell division, all daughter cells remain identical without any specialization.
After cell division, all daughter cells remain identical without any specialization.
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The cell cycle consists of a pattern of dividing, growing, differentiating, and dividing again.
The cell cycle consists of a pattern of dividing, growing, differentiating, and dividing again.
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Stem cells are characterized by their ability to self-renew and their potency.
Stem cells are characterized by their ability to self-renew and their potency.
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Dividing liver cells can differentiate into several different cell types.
Dividing liver cells can differentiate into several different cell types.
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Permanently differentiated cells, such as most heart and brain cells, can divide indefinitely.
Permanently differentiated cells, such as most heart and brain cells, can divide indefinitely.
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Some stem cells can produce any specialized cell types of the entire body.
Some stem cells can produce any specialized cell types of the entire body.
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Cytokinesis in animal cells involves microfilaments pinching off the membrane to form two daughter cells.
Cytokinesis in animal cells involves microfilaments pinching off the membrane to form two daughter cells.
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In plant cells, cytokinesis occurs by the pinching off of the cell membrane.
In plant cells, cytokinesis occurs by the pinching off of the cell membrane.
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Following cytokinesis, both animal and plant cells immediately enter the G2 phase of interphase.
Following cytokinesis, both animal and plant cells immediately enter the G2 phase of interphase.
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The cell plate formed during cytokinesis in plant cells eventually becomes part of the cell wall.
The cell plate formed during cytokinesis in plant cells eventually becomes part of the cell wall.
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Animal cells have a cell wall that plays a role in cytokinesis.
Animal cells have a cell wall that plays a role in cytokinesis.
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Meiotic cell division produces gametes that contain the full genetic information of their parent cells.
Meiotic cell division produces gametes that contain the full genetic information of their parent cells.
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Asexual reproduction requires the fusion of gametes from two parents.
Asexual reproduction requires the fusion of gametes from two parents.
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Prokaryotic chromosomes are contained within a membrane-bound nucleus.
Prokaryotic chromosomes are contained within a membrane-bound nucleus.
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The prokaryotic cell cycle includes a stage called binary fission.
The prokaryotic cell cycle includes a stage called binary fission.
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During the growth phase of the prokaryotic cell cycle, two identical chromosomes are produced.
During the growth phase of the prokaryotic cell cycle, two identical chromosomes are produced.
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The daughter cells produced during prokaryotic cell division are genetically diverse.
The daughter cells produced during prokaryotic cell division are genetically diverse.
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Prokaryotic DNA is structured in a linear fashion.
Prokaryotic DNA is structured in a linear fashion.
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During prokaryotic cell division, membrane fusion occurs along the cell's equator.
During prokaryotic cell division, membrane fusion occurs along the cell's equator.
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During anaphase, sister chromatids are drawn to the same pole of the cell.
During anaphase, sister chromatids are drawn to the same pole of the cell.
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Kinetochore microtubules are responsible for pulling apart daughter chromosomes during telophase.
Kinetochore microtubules are responsible for pulling apart daughter chromosomes during telophase.
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At the end of mitosis, daughter cells contain identical genetic material.
At the end of mitosis, daughter cells contain identical genetic material.
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The nuclear membrane forms around chromosomes during prophase.
The nuclear membrane forms around chromosomes during prophase.
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The spindle microtubules disintegrate during the end stage of mitotic cell division.
The spindle microtubules disintegrate during the end stage of mitotic cell division.
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Clusters of chromosomes at each pole contain two copies of every chromosome.
Clusters of chromosomes at each pole contain two copies of every chromosome.
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As chromosomes move to the cell's equator, their kinetochores face the same spindle pole.
As chromosomes move to the cell's equator, their kinetochores face the same spindle pole.
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Motor proteins in kinetochores are responsible for attaching chromosomes to the spindle apparatus.
Motor proteins in kinetochores are responsible for attaching chromosomes to the spindle apparatus.
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Eukaryotic chromosomes are enclosed within a membrane-bound nucleus.
Eukaryotic chromosomes are enclosed within a membrane-bound nucleus.
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Eukaryotic cells typically have a single chromosome.
Eukaryotic cells typically have a single chromosome.
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Eukaryotic chromosomes are usually longer and contain more DNA than prokaryotic chromosomes.
Eukaryotic chromosomes are usually longer and contain more DNA than prokaryotic chromosomes.
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Histones are proteins around which DNA is not wound.
Histones are proteins around which DNA is not wound.
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Each human chromosome can contain between 50 million to 250 million nucleotides.
Each human chromosome can contain between 50 million to 250 million nucleotides.
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Telomeres are important for the structural stability of chromosomes.
Telomeres are important for the structural stability of chromosomes.
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The centromere serves as a point of connection for daughter DNA helices after replication.
The centromere serves as a point of connection for daughter DNA helices after replication.
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During cell division, DNA and histones are less tightly packed than in their resting state.
During cell division, DNA and histones are less tightly packed than in their resting state.
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Study Notes
Cellular Reproduction - Overview
- Cell division is the process by which a parent cell gives rise to two daughter cells.
- Each daughter cell receives a complete set of hereditary information (DNA) from the parent cell, and roughly half its cytoplasm.
- Cell division is crucial for growth, development, and repair of multicellular organisms.
- Prokaryotic cells reproduce through binary fission, a relatively long period of growth followed by splitting.
- Eukaryotic cells, on the other hand use the process of mitosis followed by cytokinesis.
- Eukaryotic cells have a cell cycle divided into interphase (G1, S, G2) and cell division.
Prokaryotic Cell Cycle
- Prokaryotic DNA is contained in a single, circular chromosome.
- This chromosome is not contained in a membrane-bound nucleus.
- The prokaryotic cell cycle begins with a relatively long growth stage, followed by binary fission (cell splitting).
- Five distinct stages happen during the cycle.
- These are:
- Attachment of the chromosome to the cell membrane.
- Replication of the chromosome; replication occurs while the attached chromosome remains at one cell membrane site.
- Separating the duplicate chromosomes along with cell growth that involves the addition of new plasma membrane between the attachment points.
- Subsequent membrane growth that pushes the duplicate chromosomes apart, and inward growth that completes separation and binary fission.
- The resulting two daughter cells are genetically identical, each containing one of the copied chromosomes.
Eukaryotic Chromosomes
- Eukaryotic chromosomes are longer and more complex compared to prokaryotic chromosomes.
- Eukaryotic chromosomes reside within a membrane-bound nucleus.
- A eukaryotic chromosome consists of a single, linear DNA double helix bound to proteins, mostly histones, These DNA-histone spools are further folded into coils..
- This folding process further shortens the chromosomes into a highly compact structure.
- The basic unit of folding involves DNA wrapped around histone proteins forming coiled structures called nucleosomes. These nucleosomes are then coiled further to form a compact fibril structure.
- Another layer of folding occurs as coiled strands are attached to protein scaffolding to create a more condensed chromosome., making the DNA 1000 times shorter. During cell division, additional protein folding makes the DNA 10 times shorter yet.
- Specialized regions within chromosomes include telomeres (at the ends) and a centromere, crucial to functions like stability and attachment for microtubules during cell division.
- Telomers are repeated nucleotide sequence crucial to chromosome stability.
- Centromere acts as an attachment site for microtubules for cell division and temporarily holds sister chromatids together to maintain the integrity of the chromosome until chromosome separation occurs.
- Genes are segments of DNA, having many hundreds to thousands of nucleotides, acting as a blueprint for the proteins in a cell.
Eukaryotic Cell Cycle
- The eukaryotic cell cycle consists of interphase and cell division.
- Interphase, encompassing G1, S, and G2 phases, is where growth, nutrient acquisition, and DNA replication occur.
- G1 (Gap 1) is a period of growth and normal cell functions.
- S (Synthesis) is the phase where DNA replication occurs, doubling the amount of DNA. Before entry into S phase, the centrioles are duplicated.
- G2 (Gap 2) is a period for further growth, protein synthesis, and preparation for cell division.
Mitotic Cell Division
- Mitosis is the process by which a eukaryotic cell divides its genetic material.
- It's essential for producing genetically identical daughter cells for growth and repair in eukaryotic organisms.
- Mitosis consists of four phases: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.
- Prophase: chromosomes condense, nucleolus disappears, nuclear envelope breaks down, and spindle fibers form.
- Metaphase: chromosomes line up along the middle of the cell (equator) attached to spindle microtubules. Both sister chromatids are attached to microtubules originating from opposite poles.
- Anaphase: sister chromatids separate and are pulled towards opposite poles of the spindle.
- Telophase: chromosomes decondense, nuclear envelope reforms, the nucleolus reappears, and spindle fibers break down.
Cytokinesis
- Cytokinesis is the division of the cytoplasm, typically following mitosis.
- In animal cells, a cleavage furrow forms, and the cell membrane pinches inward to divide the cytoplasm.
- In plant cells, a cell plate forms between the two nuclei, leading to the formation of new cell walls, separating the daughter cells.
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Description
Explore the essential processes of cellular reproduction, including cell division, mitosis, and binary fission. This quiz provides insights into both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell cycles, highlighting their distinct stages and functions. Understand how these processes are vital for growth and repair in organisms.
