Cell Cycle and Cellular Reproduction

<p>Centrosome (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Kinetochore (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To trigger programmed cell death. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are opposing processes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Less compacted and transcriptionally active. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They help repair DNA and regulate the cell cycle. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It condenses into distinct chromosomes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By mimicking growth factors and stimulating excessive cell division. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Regulation prevents uncontrolled cell division and maintains tissue homeostasis. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nucleosome (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It initiates apoptosis if DNA damage cannot be repaired. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is compact and rarely transcribed. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>G1 checkpoint (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mutations that lead to the permanent activation of oncogenes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The cell cycle stops at checkpoints. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Exposure to certain chemicals and radiation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chromosomes are properly aligned. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It decreases the number of cells. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>G2 checkpoint (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>G1 Stage, where the cell grows and doubles organelles. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cytokinesis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The division of a cell into two genetically identical daughter cells. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The cell undergoes apoptosis. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cyclins that fluctuate in concentration during the cell cycle. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They can induce genetic mutations. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Spindle Checkpoint Proteins (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It regulates nutrient availability. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The cell may enter apoptosis. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Presence of growth signals and nutrients (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Checkpoints ensure proper progression through the cell cycle. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Anaphase (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cell plate (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nuclear envelopes reappear (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Formation of a cell plate in plant cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They reform into chromatin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cell doubles its organelles (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>DNA replication and chromosome duplication occur (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Division of the cytoplasm and nucleus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>S Stage (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They control the timing of the cycle (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cell synthesizes proteins for division (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Growth factors promote cell division by interacting with the plasma membrane (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cell enters a non-dividing state (G0) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It begins to round up and fragment. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It allows for the equal distribution of chromosomes to daughter cells. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>DNA wrapped around eight histones. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Euchromatin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Apoptosis decreases cell numbers while mitosis increases them. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To initiate programmed cell death. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cytokinesis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is more compacted and less transcriptionally active. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Spindle assembly checkpoint (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It condenses into distinctly visible chromosomes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To repair DNA damage or initiate apoptosis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>G2 checkpoint (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Kinetochores connect sister chromatids to spindle fibers. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>DNA damage cannot be repaired (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Advancing the cell from one stage to the next (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They organize the mitotic spindle. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Metaphase (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Assessing nutrient availability (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The kinetochore attaches to spindle fibers. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The cell cycle progresses without checking chromosome alignment (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chromosomes become visible and chromatin condenses. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>G1 checkpoint (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>5 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>DNA replication integrity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>G1 phase (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sister chromatids separate and move towards opposite poles. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chromosome alignment and attachment to the spindle are checked (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>One copy of each chromosome pair. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They facilitate the separation of sister chromatids. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The spindle fibers disassemble and the nuclear envelope re-forms. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A series of events that take place from the time a eukaryotic cell divides to the time the resulting daughter cells divide.

The longest part of the cell cycle where a cell grows, replicates its DNA, and prepares for division.

Part of the cell cycle that includes mitosis (division of the nucleus) and cytokinesis (division of the cytoplasm).

The first gap phase of interphase where the cell grows in size, duplicates organelles, and gathers materials for DNA replication.

Phase of interphase where DNA replication takes place and chromosomes duplicate.

The second gap phase of interphase. The cell synthesizes proteins for cell division.

The division of the cytoplasm to form two separate daughter cells.

The regulation of the cell cycle by internal and external signals.

The total number of chromosomes in a diploid cell, containing two copies of each chromosome. In humans, 2n = 46 chromosomes.

The number of chromosomes in a gamete (sperm or egg), containing only one copy of each chromosome. In humans, n = 23 chromosomes.

Two identical copies of a chromosome, connected at the centromere, formed during DNA replication.

The microtubule organizing center (MTOC) in animal cells, containing two centrioles, responsible for organizing the mitotic spindle.

A structure made of microtubule fibers that separates chromosomes during mitosis, extending from the centrosomes to the chromosomes.

The primary checkpoint of the cell cycle where the cell checks for DNA damage and nutrient availability before committing to division.

A tumor suppressor gene that acts as a 'guardian of the genome' by detecting DNA damage and initiating repair. If repair is unsuccessful, it triggers apoptosis.

A protein that regulates the cell cycle by checking for nutrient availability and growth signals. It acts as a brake on cell division if conditions are not favorable.

A programmed cell death process that eliminates cells with damaged DNA or other defects, preventing them from dividing and potentially becoming cancerous.

Ensures that DNA replication is complete and error-free before the cell proceeds to mitosis.

Checks for proper alignment of chromosomes and their attachment to the mitotic spindle before cell division begins.

Proteins that regulate the cell cycle by activating cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), which control progression through different stages.

Enzymes that are activated by cyclins to control the progression of the cell cycle.

The process by which cells control their own growth, division, and death, ensuring proper development and preventing uncontrolled growth (cancer).

A family of enzymes responsible for executing programmed cell death (apoptosis).

Apoptosis can be triggered by internal factors like DNA damage or external signals like toxins or growth factors.

A single DNA molecule packaged with histone proteins. This complex is called chromatin.

The basic unit of chromatin, consisting of DNA wrapped around eight histone proteins.

The active form of chromatin, loosely packed and easily accessible for transcription.

The inactive form of chromatin, tightly packed and difficult to access for transcription.

The process of nuclear division, where the duplicated chromosomes are separated into two daughter nuclei.

A crucial checkpoint during mitosis that ensures chromosomes are properly aligned before cell division proceeds.

The cell cycle is divided into two major phases: Interphase (G1, S, G2) and Mitotic stage (mitosis and cytokinesis).

Signals from outside the cell, like growth factors, that influence the cell cycle.

Signals from within the cell, like cyclins, that regulate the progression of the cell cycle.

Points in the cell cycle where the cell pauses to check for errors and ensure conditions are favorable for division.

If DNA damage is detected at the checkpoints, the cell will attempt to repair the damage. If repair is not successful, the cell will undergo apoptosis.

Cyclins are proteins that bind to cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) and activate them. These activated CDKs then control the progression of the cell cycle through different stages.

Cell division increases the number of somatic cells, while apoptosis decreases it. These two processes work together to maintain the appropriate number of cells in an organism.

A chromosome is composed of a single DNA molecule tightly condensed by histone proteins. This package is called chromatin.

The total number of chromosomes in a diploid cell, containing two copies of each chromosome.

The number of chromosomes in a gamete (sperm or egg), containing only one copy of each chromosome.

The first stage of mitosis, where the chromosomes condense, the nuclear envelope breaks down, and the spindle fibers start forming.

The stage of mitosis where the spindle fibers attach to the kinetochores of the chromosomes.

The stage of mitosis where the chromosomes are aligned at the metaphase plate, a plane between the centrosomes.

The stage of mitosis where the sister chromatids separate and are pulled to opposite poles of the cell.

The final stage of mitosis, where the nuclear envelopes reform around the separated chromosomes, and the chromosomes unwind.

A protein structure on the centromere that connects sister chromatids to spindle fibers during mitosis. It acts as a bridge, ensuring that each daughter cell receives one copy of each chromosome.

A groove formed on the cell surface during cytokinesis in animal cells. It gradually deepens as a contractile ring of actin filaments pulls the plasma membrane inward, eventually dividing the cell in two.

A structure that forms during cytokinesis in plant cells. It grows from small disks produced by the Golgi apparatus and eventually fuses to form a new cell wall, separating the two daughter cells.