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Questions and Answers
Which carbohydrate is created from sugar cane and sugar beets?
Which carbohydrate is created from sugar cane and sugar beets?
Cellulose can be broken down into glucose using cellulase enzymes.
Cellulose can be broken down into glucose using cellulase enzymes.
True
What process involves the use of microorganisms to convert feedstocks into useful products?
What process involves the use of microorganisms to convert feedstocks into useful products?
Fermentation
Which of the following is considered a renewable feedstock?
Which of the following is considered a renewable feedstock?
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Lignocellulose is a complex polymer obtained from plant cell ______.
Lignocellulose is a complex polymer obtained from plant cell ______.
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What is used to extract lipid oils from seeds of plants?
What is used to extract lipid oils from seeds of plants?
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Fossil fuels can be replenished in a practical timeframe.
Fossil fuels can be replenished in a practical timeframe.
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Match the following carbohydrates with their characteristics:
Match the following carbohydrates with their characteristics:
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What is the projected world energy consumption by 2035 in quadrillion BTU?
What is the projected world energy consumption by 2035 in quadrillion BTU?
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Protein feedstocks can only be sourced from animals.
Protein feedstocks can only be sourced from animals.
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A __________ resource is one that can be replenished in a relevant amount of time.
A __________ resource is one that can be replenished in a relevant amount of time.
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Match the following types of feedstocks with their categories:
Match the following types of feedstocks with their categories:
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What can be used as a chemical feedstock for specialty applications?
What can be used as a chemical feedstock for specialty applications?
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Which of the following is NOT a category of renewable feedstocks mentioned?
Which of the following is NOT a category of renewable feedstocks mentioned?
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The primary source of renewable energy in 2013 came from biomass.
The primary source of renewable energy in 2013 came from biomass.
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What is the main advantage of using renewable feedstocks?
What is the main advantage of using renewable feedstocks?
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Which category of molecules is characterized as being in a highly reduced chemical state?
Which category of molecules is characterized as being in a highly reduced chemical state?
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An ideal feedstock should be renewable and cause no hazards to humans or the environment.
An ideal feedstock should be renewable and cause no hazards to humans or the environment.
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What is one method used for the oxidation of petroleum hydrocarbons?
What is one method used for the oxidation of petroleum hydrocarbons?
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The majority of reactions for petroleum feedstocks are ______ since reactive groups need to be replaced with the desired group.
The majority of reactions for petroleum feedstocks are ______ since reactive groups need to be replaced with the desired group.
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Match the reaction processes with their description:
Match the reaction processes with their description:
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What is a characteristic of highly functionalized molecules?
What is a characteristic of highly functionalized molecules?
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The ideal yield for converting feedstock to desired product should be less than 100%.
The ideal yield for converting feedstock to desired product should be less than 100%.
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What is one key ingredient often considered a waste during the reactions of petroleum feedstocks?
What is one key ingredient often considered a waste during the reactions of petroleum feedstocks?
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Which of the following is NOT a challenge mentioned regarding the use of renewable feedstocks?
Which of the following is NOT a challenge mentioned regarding the use of renewable feedstocks?
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Biofuels are always environmentally friendly regardless of how they are produced.
Biofuels are always environmentally friendly regardless of how they are produced.
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What are the three generations of biofuels?
What are the three generations of biofuels?
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First generation biofuels involve the use of __________ to produce ethanol.
First generation biofuels involve the use of __________ to produce ethanol.
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Match the biofuel generations with their characteristics:
Match the biofuel generations with their characteristics:
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Which of the following is a potential positive impact of bioenergy?
Which of the following is a potential positive impact of bioenergy?
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Lignocellulosics are part of first generation biofuels.
Lignocellulosics are part of first generation biofuels.
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What are some environmental issues associated with the cultivation of biofuels?
What are some environmental issues associated with the cultivation of biofuels?
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What is the primary component of vegetable oil used in biodiesel production?
What is the primary component of vegetable oil used in biodiesel production?
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Switchgrass does not require any water or fertilizer to grow.
Switchgrass does not require any water or fertilizer to grow.
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List two environmental advantages of using biodiesel over conventional diesel.
List two environmental advantages of using biodiesel over conventional diesel.
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Biodiesel consists of long-chain _____ that are derived from vegetable oils or animal fats.
Biodiesel consists of long-chain _____ that are derived from vegetable oils or animal fats.
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Match the fertilizer types with their usage for corn and switchgrass:
Match the fertilizer types with their usage for corn and switchgrass:
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Which biodiesel crop needs less fertilizer and pesticide?
Which biodiesel crop needs less fertilizer and pesticide?
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Biodiesel has a higher overall energy return compared to conventional diesel processing.
Biodiesel has a higher overall energy return compared to conventional diesel processing.
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What process is required to convert triglycerides into biodiesel?
What process is required to convert triglycerides into biodiesel?
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What is one of the main industries utilizing lignocellulose?
What is one of the main industries utilizing lignocellulose?
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Lignin is primarily used in the textile industry.
Lignin is primarily used in the textile industry.
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Name one chemical characteristic of lignin.
Name one chemical characteristic of lignin.
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Cellulose and hemicellulose are found in the plant cell wall, while lignin is found in the _________.
Cellulose and hemicellulose are found in the plant cell wall, while lignin is found in the _________.
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Match the following components to their respective features:
Match the following components to their respective features:
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What makes lignin an attractive source for platform chemicals?
What makes lignin an attractive source for platform chemicals?
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Hemicellulose is found exclusively in the structure of cellulose.
Hemicellulose is found exclusively in the structure of cellulose.
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What is one potential use of lignin in the bioethanol industry?
What is one potential use of lignin in the bioethanol industry?
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Lignin can be processed to produce ________ phenol.
Lignin can be processed to produce ________ phenol.
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Which statement best describes the nature of lignin?
Which statement best describes the nature of lignin?
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Lignocellulose is an important resource for sustainable materials.
Lignocellulose is an important resource for sustainable materials.
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What are two main components found in the structure of the plant cell wall?
What are two main components found in the structure of the plant cell wall?
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In the production of bioethanol, lignin serves as a ________ resource.
In the production of bioethanol, lignin serves as a ________ resource.
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Match the following industries with their lignin applications:
Match the following industries with their lignin applications:
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Which component provides rigidity to the plant cell wall?
Which component provides rigidity to the plant cell wall?
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Study Notes
Alternative Feedstock/Renewable Energy
- Lecture by Dr. Waseem Abu Oun on November 25th
- Topics covered included petroleum, renewable feedstocks, biomass feedstocks, carbohydrate feedstocks, lipid oils and terpenes as feedstocks, protein feedstocks, renewable feedstocks as a source of energy, first, second, and third generation feedstocks, and the advantages and drawbacks of biofuels.
- A raw material or feedstock should be renewable rather than depleting whenever technically and economically practical.
- Renewable or depleting is a question of time; a renewable resource can be replenished in a relevant amount of time. Fossil fuels are depleting because they cannot be replenished in a practical timeframe.
Energy Consumption Data and Projections
- Global energy consumption has been increasing since 1990.
- Projections predict that energy consumption will reach 770 quadrillion British Thermal Units (BTU) by 2035.
- Oil, coal, and natural gas continue to be predominant energy sources.
- Renewable energy use is increasing.
Types of Biofuels
- First Generation: Uses grains to produce ethanol (food vs fuel debate).
- Second Generation: Uses agricultural wastes (lignocellulosics, oils for biodiesel, and grasses). These crops are not typically used for food.
- Third Generation: Algae (a future option).
Biofuel Production Processes
- First Generation (Corn-based Ethanol): Grind feedstock, dissolve sugar, use microbes to produce ethanol, and purify the ethanol to desired concentration.
Algae as a Feedstock
- Algae are a diverse group of simple, autotrophic organisms.
- Potential advantages include high oil yields per acre, no sulfur, non-toxicity, high biodegradability, and not subject to commodity risk.
- Disadvantages include high energy intensity and technology not yet ready for widespread use.
Lignin: A Renewable Platform Chemical
- Lignin is a complex polymer found in plant cell walls with aromatic subunits.
- Lignin can be broken down to chemicals like phenol using hydrogen and a catalyst.
Fermentation Processes
- Fermentation processes use microorganisms (aerobic or anaerobic) or enzymes to process biological feedstocks.
Requirements for Successful Fermentation
- Proper nutrients, sterile conditions, temperature regulation, oxygen level, and pH control are essential for successful fermentation processes.
Chemical Targets from Bio-feedstocks
- Top ten chemical targets from bio-feedstocks include succinic acid, 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid, 3-hydroxypropionic acid, aspartic acid, and glucaric acid, amongst others.
Reasons for Using Renewable Feedstocks
- Economic: Inherent tendency for petroleum price increases; fluctuations in crude oil prices can greatly impact downstream products; decreasing costs of renewable resources.
- Scientific: Improvements in quality of renewable feedstocks; modern plant breeding; genetic manipulation; advancements in catalysis.
- Environmental: Using waste streams; biological compatibility; reduced environmental impact compared to fossil fuels.
Challenges of Using Renewable Feedstocks
- Feedstock cultivation; competition with food supply; land demand; nutritional needs; diseases; initial investment; post-harvest processing; product extraction and purification; product standardization; complexity; product storage, packing, and distribution; new methodologies for alternative feedstocks
Environmental Consequences of Biofuels
- Bioenergy can have both positive (greenhouse gas reduction, increased biodiversity) and negative (greenhouse gases from cultivation, soil carbon, land-use changes, and biodiversity loss) impacts.
Additional Information
- A diverse range of molecules can be derived from plant materials, used in numerous applications including chemical production and energy.
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Description
Test your knowledge on renewable feedstocks, carbohydrates, and energy consumption projections with this quiz. Explore topics related to cellulose, microorganisms, and various feedstock types. Perfect for students in environmental science or renewable energy studies.
