46 Questions
Which of the following is NOT a type of cast seen in the urine?
Renal artery stenosis cast
Which of the following conditions involves inflammation of the interstitium surrounding the nephrons?
Tubulointerstitial nephritis
What is the preferred term for acute kidney injury with morphologic evidence of tubular damage, but without necrosis?
Acute tubular injury
Which of the following is a congenital abnormality of the kidneys?
Horseshoe kidney
Which of the following is a disorder characterized by inflammation of the glomeruli?
Nephritic syndrome
What is the most common cause of acute kidney injury, according to the text?
Acute tubular injury/necrosis
Which of the following is a characteristic of renal artery stenosis?
All of the above
What is the staging system used to classify chronic kidney disease (CKD)?
All of the above
Which of the following is a characteristic of a horseshoe kidney?
The two kidneys are fused at the lower poles
What is the primary characteristic of nephritic syndrome?
Hematuria
Which part of the nephron is responsible for the initial filtration of blood?
Glomerulus
What is the primary function of the medulla in the kidney?
Reabsorption of water and solutes
What is the most likely cause of the 58-year-old man's presentation with decreased urine output and increased BUN after being discharged from the hospital for acute myocardial infarction?
Acute tubular necrosis
What is the primary composition of calcium stones, which make up 70% of renal stones?
Calcium oxalate or calcium phosphate
Which type of stone is composed largely of magnesium ammonium phosphate?
Struvite stones
The main factor contributing to the initiation and propagation of renal stones is:
Raised urinary concentrations exceeding solubility limits
What is the most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in adults?
Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis
Which of the following is a characteristic of membranous nephropathy?
Diffuse thickening of the glomerular basement membrane
Which of the following is a common complication of nephrotic syndrome?
Increased risk of infection
What is the primary cause of nephrotic syndrome?
Derangement in glomerular capillary walls
Which of the following is a characteristic of minimal change disease?
Effacement of podocyte foot processes
What is the most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in children?
Minimal change disease
What is the most common cause of nephrotic syndrome mentioned in the text?
Diabetic nephropathy
Which type of Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis (MPGN) is characterized by activation of the complement system?
Type II MPGN (dense deposit disease)
What is the prognosis for patients with Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis (MPGN)?
Poor, with 50% of patients developing end-stage renal disease
What is the most common clinical presentation of Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis (MPGN)?
Nephrotic-nephritic picture with hematuria or proteinuria in the non-nephrotic range
Which histological feature is characteristic of Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis (MPGN)?
Proliferation of glomerular cells and accumulation of mesangial matrix
Which type of Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis (MPGN) is characterized by the deposition of immune complexes containing IgG and complement?
Type I MPGN
Which type of immune complex deposition within the glomerulus is associated with the nephrotic syndrome?
Membranous deposits
What is the primary pathological change seen in the nephritic syndrome?
Swelling and proliferation of endothelial cells
Which of the following is a potential outcome of glomerulonephritis?
All of the above
What is the primary cause of the swelling and proliferation of endothelial cells seen in glomerulonephritis?
Deposition of immune complexes
Which type of glomerulonephritis is characterized by the formation of crescents in the Bowman's capsule?
Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis
What is the primary characteristic of the nephrotic syndrome?
Heavy proteinuria
What type of cells are seen in chronic pyelonephritis?
Lymphocytes
Which part of the kidney shows atrophic tubules with flattened epithelium in chronic pyelonephritis?
Cortex
What is the distinguishing feature of glomerulonephritis compared to chronic pyelonephritis?
Hyaline casts in urine
Which renal disorder is associated with squamous metaplasia of the transitional epithelium in the renal pelvis?
Pyelonephritis
Which condition is characterized by shrunken kidneys and irregular scarring upon autopsy?
Nephrosclerosis
What is the most likely cause of renal failure in the presented case?
Chronic Glomerulonephritis
Which of the following is a characteristic feature of nephritic syndrome?
Haematuria and proteinuria
What is the most common cause of acute proliferative glomerulonephritis?
Post-streptococcal infection
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic feature of rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis (RPGN)?
Specific aetiology
In which condition is the inciting antigen endogenous?
Lupus nephritis
What is the typical outcome of post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis in children with conservative therapy?
95% recover fully
Which condition presents similarly to post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis but is differentiated by the presence of IgA deposits in the glomeruli?
IgA nephropathy
Test your knowledge on disorders of the renal tubules and interstitium. Learn about different types of casts, common conditions leading to acute kidney injury, and causes of tubulointerstitial nephritis.
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