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Questions and Answers
The filters have fenestrations, basement membrane and the foot processes forming filtration ______.
The filters have fenestrations, basement membrane and the foot processes forming filtration ______.
slits
Podocytes are visceral epithelial cells that form the inner wall of ______ capsule.
Podocytes are visceral epithelial cells that form the inner wall of ______ capsule.
Bowman’s
The small gaps formed by foot processes of podocytes are the actual filtration ______.
The small gaps formed by foot processes of podocytes are the actual filtration ______.
slits
Mesangial cells are specialised smooth muscle cells that regulate blood flow through the ______ capillaries.
Mesangial cells are specialised smooth muscle cells that regulate blood flow through the ______ capillaries.
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Circulating immune complex deposition can disrupt the glomerular ______.
Circulating immune complex deposition can disrupt the glomerular ______.
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Anti-glomerular basement membrane antibodies interact with the basement ______, disrupting filtration.
Anti-glomerular basement membrane antibodies interact with the basement ______, disrupting filtration.
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Podocytes wraps around the capillary blood vessels of the ______.
Podocytes wraps around the capillary blood vessels of the ______.
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Disruptions in glomerular filtration can lead to kidney ______.
Disruptions in glomerular filtration can lead to kidney ______.
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Renal disease is a wide umbrella term for ______ diseases.
Renal disease is a wide umbrella term for ______ diseases.
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Acute tubular necrosis (ATN) is classified under ______ diseases.
Acute tubular necrosis (ATN) is classified under ______ diseases.
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Uraemia is the accumulation of waste product ______ within the body.
Uraemia is the accumulation of waste product ______ within the body.
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Nephrotic syndrome is characterized by the appearance of ______ in urine.
Nephrotic syndrome is characterized by the appearance of ______ in urine.
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Blood supply to the glomerulus enters via the ______ arteriole.
Blood supply to the glomerulus enters via the ______ arteriole.
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Symptoms of GN include ______ and haematuria.
Symptoms of GN include ______ and haematuria.
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An impairment of the blood supply is called ______.
An impairment of the blood supply is called ______.
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The efferent arteriole is responsible for draining blood away from the ______.
The efferent arteriole is responsible for draining blood away from the ______.
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Nephritic syndrome involves the appearance of ______ in urine.
Nephritic syndrome involves the appearance of ______ in urine.
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A reduced circulating volume can occur due to acute ______.
A reduced circulating volume can occur due to acute ______.
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Cystic diseases include conditions like polycystic kidney disease and renal ______.
Cystic diseases include conditions like polycystic kidney disease and renal ______.
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The result of marked changes is a reduction in ______ filtration rate (GFR).
The result of marked changes is a reduction in ______ filtration rate (GFR).
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Intra renal failure results in damage to kidney ______.
Intra renal failure results in damage to kidney ______.
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The most common cause of intra renal failure is acute tubular ______.
The most common cause of intra renal failure is acute tubular ______.
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Damage to tubular cells can be caused by ______ or toxic chemicals.
Damage to tubular cells can be caused by ______ or toxic chemicals.
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As necrotic cells break down, they become debris blocking the ______.
As necrotic cells break down, they become debris blocking the ______.
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Immunofluorescence staining is a good way to look at different patterns within ______ nephritis.
Immunofluorescence staining is a good way to look at different patterns within ______ nephritis.
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Accumulation of ag-ab complexes underneath the foot processes characterizes ______ syndrome.
Accumulation of ag-ab complexes underneath the foot processes characterizes ______ syndrome.
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Deposits underneath the endothelium can clog the filtration ______.
Deposits underneath the endothelium can clog the filtration ______.
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Most types of glomerulonephritis are caused by injury due to antigen-______ complexes.
Most types of glomerulonephritis are caused by injury due to antigen-______ complexes.
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Chronic conditions can lead to irreversible fibrosis around the glomerular ______.
Chronic conditions can lead to irreversible fibrosis around the glomerular ______.
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Anything blue in the image is ______, which indicates scarring in glomerular tissue.
Anything blue in the image is ______, which indicates scarring in glomerular tissue.
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Glomerulonephritis can arise as a result of allergic reactions to toxins released by ______ bacteria.
Glomerulonephritis can arise as a result of allergic reactions to toxins released by ______ bacteria.
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If glomeruli changes become permanent, this can lead to acute or chronic ______ failure.
If glomeruli changes become permanent, this can lead to acute or chronic ______ failure.
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Heavy metals include elements such as ______, Pt, and Hg.
Heavy metals include elements such as ______, Pt, and Hg.
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Acute tubular necrosis (ATN) mainly affects the proximal convoluted tubule, specifically Na+ and ______ reabsorption.
Acute tubular necrosis (ATN) mainly affects the proximal convoluted tubule, specifically Na+ and ______ reabsorption.
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GFR decreasing leads to macroalbuminuria and overt ______.
GFR decreasing leads to macroalbuminuria and overt ______.
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Advanced nephropathy can result in nephrotic proteinuria of greater than ______ g/day.
Advanced nephropathy can result in nephrotic proteinuria of greater than ______ g/day.
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Progressive renal failure can lead to end-stage renal disease with GFR reduced to ______ ml/min or lower.
Progressive renal failure can lead to end-stage renal disease with GFR reduced to ______ ml/min or lower.
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Post renal failure often occurs due to obstructions like calculi and ______.
Post renal failure often occurs due to obstructions like calculi and ______.
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Lack of bladder control may result from damage to the brain, spinal cord, or ______.
Lack of bladder control may result from damage to the brain, spinal cord, or ______.
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Myeloma and ______ can cause issues leading to post renal failure.
Myeloma and ______ can cause issues leading to post renal failure.
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Acute renal failure can possibly lead to chronic renal failure which inevitably leads to end-stage renal failure resulting in renal replacement therapy such as ______.
Acute renal failure can possibly lead to chronic renal failure which inevitably leads to end-stage renal failure resulting in renal replacement therapy such as ______.
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Chronic renal failure develops in three stages starting from diminished renal reserve to renal insufficiency and finally ______ renal failure.
Chronic renal failure develops in three stages starting from diminished renal reserve to renal insufficiency and finally ______ renal failure.
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In chronic renal failure, the remaining nephrons must work harder and increase in size, which causes an increase in the individual ______.
In chronic renal failure, the remaining nephrons must work harder and increase in size, which causes an increase in the individual ______.
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If more than ______% of the nephrons are lost, the individual loses the balance between GFR and reabsorption.
If more than ______% of the nephrons are lost, the individual loses the balance between GFR and reabsorption.
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In renal insufficiency, there is a greater drop in GFR and an increased blood ______ wastes.
In renal insufficiency, there is a greater drop in GFR and an increased blood ______ wastes.
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When approximately ______% of nephrons are destroyed, GFR drops to ~10% of the normal rate.
When approximately ______% of nephrons are destroyed, GFR drops to ~10% of the normal rate.
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The increased blood flow and pressure in chronic renal failure can further damage the remaining ______.
The increased blood flow and pressure in chronic renal failure can further damage the remaining ______.
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Chronic kidney disease outcomes include both dialysis and renal ______.
Chronic kidney disease outcomes include both dialysis and renal ______.
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Study Notes
Renal System
- Renal disease is a broad term encompassing various conditions
- Glomerular diseases include glomerulonephritis, nephrotic syndrome, and nephritic syndrome
- Tubulointerstitial diseases encompass acute tubular necrosis (ATN) and interstitial nephritis
- Renal vascular diseases include hypertensive nephrosclerosis and renal vascular occlusion (impaired renal blood flow)
- Cystic diseases involve polycystic kidney disease and renal cysts
Renal Physiology
- Renal disease involves impairments in blood flow through the kidneys, often due to issues in the blood supply
- Uremia, the accumulation of urea, is a significant outcome of renal disease
- Nephrotic syndrome is characterized by the presence of protein in the urine
- Nephritic syndrome is characterized by the presence of red blood cells (RBCs) in the urine
Glomerulus
- Blood flows through capillaries within the glomerulus, which filters and accumulates fluid into Bowman's capsule
- Blood exits through the efferent arteriole
- Glomeruli contain both podocytes and mesangial cells
- The structure is important for the filtering ability.
Glomerular Filtration Disruption
- Immune-complex deposition can disrupt the glomerular filtration
- Antiglomerular basement membrane antibodies can interact with the basement membrane
- The resulting disruption is in the glomerular wall
- Heymann is an experimental model
Glomerulonephritis (GN)
- Inflammation of glomeruli, commonly caused by immune complex deposition in glomerular capillary walls
- Longer-duration GN can lead to irreversible fibrosis
Intrarenal Failure
- Damage to kidney cells
- Impaired blood supply, toxic chemicals, and certain agents can cause damage leading to acute tubular necrosis (ATN)
Other Renal Diseases
- Rhabdomyolysis, vasculitis, disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), and multiple myeloma are other conditions affecting the renal system
- These conditions can result in various symptoms and complications
- The conditions discussed can cause significant damage impacting the body.
Post-renal Failure
- Damage occurs downstream from the kidneys, often due to urinary tract blockages or obstructions
- This can be caused by calculi, tumors, congenital defects, myeloma, or blood clots.
Diabetic Nephropathy
- High prevalence in people with diabetes, possibly affecting 50%
- Characterized by albuminuria/proteinuria, decreased GFR, and hypertension
Kidney Disease Stages
- Five stages of kidney disease exist, with progression characterized by changes in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and albumin excretion
- Hyperfiltration, silent, incipient, overt nephropathy, and ESRD are involved.
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Description
This quiz covers key concepts of the renal system, including various types of renal diseases, their physiological implications, and the role of the glomerulus in kidney function. Test your knowledge on conditions such as glomerulonephritis, nephrotic syndrome, and the impact of impaired blood flow on renal health.
