Renal Physiology Overview

<p>Increases blood pressure (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Proximal convoluted tubule (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Osmotic gradient created by solutes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Antidiuretic hormone (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glomerulus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Filtration stops (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Neural signaling (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inhibits sodium and water reabsorption (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Effective filtration in the glomerulus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glucose (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It occurs in the proximal convoluted tubule and descending limb. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It allows for precise control of water reabsorption. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In the absence of ADH. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The countercurrent multiplication system. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It actively pumps Na+, Cl-, and K+ into the interstitial fluid. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Diabetes Insipidus. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To maintain the osmotic gradient established in the renal medulla. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It allows water to pass through aquaporins. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It has an osmolarity up to five times that of blood plasma. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decreased blood pressure and increased plasma osmolarity. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They decrease urinary output by reducing glomerular filtration rate (GFR). (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Kidneys alter their function to maintain homeostasis. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inadequate ADH response or production. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Water reabsorption is regulated by ADH. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It occurs in areas where water movements cannot be prevented. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Occurs primarily in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting tubule. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Urine is produced that is diluter than blood plasma. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased presence of aquaporins in the renal tubules. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By creating an osmotic gradient in the renal medulla. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Thick ascending limb. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Defects in the receptors for ADH. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They decrease urinary output by reducing GFR. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Excessive thirst and dehydration. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It enables passive exchange of solutes and water. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Some necessary substances may be lost in the urine. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glomerular filtration (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It increases blood pressure without excessively increasing GFR. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Intrarenal artery hypotension. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Absorption of 99% of glucose (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It dilates afferent arterioles in reaction to increased blood pressure. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It relaxes mesangial cells and increases GFR. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Both primary and secondary active transport methods are utilized. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Due to the impermeability of the ascending limb to water. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They reabsorb sodium and water as per the body’s needs. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To selectively filter blood cells and large proteins from the filtrate (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased blood hydrostatic pressure in the glomerular capillaries (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It regulates blood pressure and glomerular filtration. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The balance between hydrostatic and osmotic pressures (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>FF decreases as less plasma is filtered (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Renal autoregulation is the primary mechanism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Macula densa cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It decreases filtration and alters GFR (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stretch receptors in afferent arterioles (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They facilitate blood flow regulation in glomerular capillaries. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The study of how the kidneys regulate blood volume and composition, and excrete metabolic wastes.

Waste products of the body's metabolism.

The most abundant organic waste, a byproduct of amino acid breakdown.

A metabolic waste product from muscle creatine phosphate breakdown.

Waste formed during the recycling of RNA nitrogenous bases.

The first step in urine formation, where blood pressure forces fluid into the Bowman's capsule.

A membrane in the glomerulus with fenestrations, basement membrane, and slit pores, that filters blood.

The difference between glomerular blood pressure and the opposing pressures (capsular hydrostatic pressure and blood colloid osmotic pressure).

Blood pressure in the glomerular capillaries, promoting filtration.

Pressure of fluid in Bowman's capsule, opposing filtration.

Pressure exerted by proteins in blood, opposing filtration.

The amount of filtrate formed per minute in both kidneys.

The kidney's ability to maintain a constant GFR despite changes in systemic blood pressure.

Water reabsorption that occurs in the PCT and descending nephron loop, where water movement is unavoidable and cannot be adjusted.

Water reabsorption that occurs in the DCT and collecting tubule, allowing precise control by ADH.

Urine produced when ADH is absent, resulting in less water reabsorption and a urine concentration far lower than blood plasma.

Urine produced when ADH is present, reabsorbing large amounts of water, making the urine much more concentrated than blood plasma.

A system in the nephron loop, generating an osmotic gradient in renal interstitial fluid to allow concentrated urine production.

Part of the nephron loop, permeable to water (aquaporins) but impermeable to solutes (Na+, Cl-, K+).

Part of the nephron loop, impermeable to water but permeable to solutes, actively transporting Na+, Cl-, K+ out of the tubule.

Process of passive exchange between blood of vasa recta and interstitial fluid to maintain the concentration gradient created by the countercurrent multiplication system, without washing it out.

A disorder caused by inadequate ADH response or production, leading to excessive dilute urine excretion.

Diabetes Insipidus type due to the hypothalamic/posterior pituitary's inability to produce ADH.

Diabetes Insipidus type due to defects in ADH receptors.

Antidiuretic hormone; a key component in water reabsorption.

Blood vessels surrounding the nephron loop that help maintain the osmotic gradient and provide oxygen/nutrients.

The measure of solutes per unit volume of urine.

The measure of solutes per unit volume of blood plasma.

Filtration, reabsorption, and secretion.

A specialized structure composed of 3 layers: fenestrated endothelium, basement membrane, and filtration slits between podocyte pedicels.

A specialized structure where the distal convoluted tubule contacts the afferent arteriole, crucial for GFR regulation.

The movement of water and solutes from the renal tubules back into the bloodstream.

The movement of substances from the blood into the renal tubules for excretion.

A hormonal system activated by low blood pressure, leading to vasoconstriction, sodium reabsorption, and increased blood pressure.

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) regulates the permeability of the collecting ducts to water, allowing for reabsorption of water and the production of concentrated urine.

The process in the nephron loop where the thin descending limb reabsorbs water and the thick ascending limb pumps out solutes, creating a gradient of increasing solute concentration in the renal medulla.

The process where urea, a waste product, is secreted from the ascending limb and reabsorbed in the collecting duct to help maintain the osmotic gradient in the renal medulla.

A disorder characterized by excessive thirst and urination due to a deficiency in ADH, leading to the production of large volumes of dilute urine.

A type of diabetes insipidus caused by the inability of the hypothalamus/posterior pituitary to produce or release ADH.

The first step in urine formation where blood pressure forces fluid from the glomerular capillaries into the Bowman's capsule.

A rapid response to blood pressure changes in the afferent arterioles, adjusting GFR.

A slower response to changes in Na+/Cl- concentration, altering GFR.

Specialized cells in the JGA that detect changes in NaCl concentration to determine GFR.