72 Questions
What is the primary function of the renal corpuscle in the nephron?
To filter waste products from the blood
What is the role of the peritubular capillaries in the nephron?
To supply the tubule with the necessary substances for reabsorption
What is the term for the capillary tuft in the renal corpuscle?
Glomerulus
What is the result of the combination of glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, and tubular secretion in the kidneys?
The excretion of a substance is equal to the amount filtered plus the amount secreted minus the amount reabsorbed
What is the function of the distal convoluted tubule in the nephron?
To regulate the water and ionic composition of the body
What is the name of the system where multiple tubules join and empty into the renal pelvis?
Collecting-duct system
What is the primary driving force behind glomerular filtration?
Hydrostatic pressure in the glomerular capillaries
What is the mechanism of reabsorption of substances to which the tubular epithelium is permeable?
Diffusion
What is the significance of the transport maximum in mediated transporte systems?
It determines the amount of substance excreted in the urine
What is the role of the parasympathetic neurons in the spinal micturition reflex?
They stimulate the contraction of the detrusor muscle
What is the primary mechanism of Na+ reabsorption in the tubules?
Active transport
What is the effect of vasopressin on water reabsorption in the collecting ducts?
It increases water permeability
What is the major homeostatic control point for maintaining stable balance of water and Na+?
Kidney
What is the consequence of the filtered load of a substance exceeding its transport maximum?
Large amounts of the substance appear in the urine
What is the significance of the renal countercurrent multiplier system?
It produces a small volume of concentrated urine
What is the primary function of the glomerular filtration?
To filter protein-free plasma into Bowman's space
What is the result of the active transport of sodium chloride by the ascending loop of Henle?
Increased osmolarity of the interstitial fluid of the medulla
What is the effect of vasopressin on the cortical collecting ducts?
Increases the permeability to water
What is the role of the hairpin-loop structure of the vasa recta?
To prevent the countercurrent gradient from being washed away
What is the main controller of tubular Na+ reabsorption?
Aldosterone
What is the effect of increased arterial pressure on Na+ reabsorption?
Decreases Na+ reabsorption
What is the main controller of water excretion?
Vasopressin-mediated control of water reabsorption
What is the effect of severe sweating on plasma volume and osmolarity?
Decreases plasma volume and increases osmolarity
What is the primary function of the cortical collecting ducts in potassium regulation?
Secretion of potassium
What is the role of osmoreceptors in vasopressin secretion?
Stimulate vasopressin secretion in response to high body fluid osmolarity
What happens to potassium secretion when body potassium levels increase?
It increases
What is the primary function of the proximal tubule in calcium and phosphate regulation?
Reabsorption of calcium and phosphate
What is the role of the renin-angiotensin system in sodium regulation?
Is one of the two major controllers of aldosterone secretion
What is the effect of increased aldosterone secretion on potassium levels?
Increased potassium secretion
What is the net result of the renal retention of Na+ and H2O in response to severe sweating?
Minimizes hypovolemia and maintains plasma osmolarity
What is the primary function of the loop of Henle?
Generation of the medullary osmotic gradient
What is the effect of PTH on calcium ion absorption?
Increased calcium ion absorption
What is the primary function of diuretics?
Inhibition of sodium reabsorption
What is the primary means of maintaining body H+ balance?
Regulation of urinary losses
What is the effect of an increase in arterial plasma H+ concentration on respiratory rate?
Hypoventilation
What is the classification of acidosis or alkalosis due to retention of carbon dioxide?
Respiratory acidosis
What is the role of the kidneys in producing glucose during prolonged fasting?
They produce glucose through gluconeogenesis
What is the function of the Bowman's capsule in the nephron?
It collects the filtrate from the glomerulus
What is the net result of the three basic renal processes in the kidneys?
The amount of substance excreted is equal to the amount secreted minus the amount reabsorbed
What is the function of the peritubular capillaries in the nephron?
They supply the tubule with oxygen and nutrients
What is the role of the renal corpuscle in the nephron?
It filters the blood
What is the function of the erythropoietin produced by the kidneys?
It stimulates the production of red blood cells
What is the primary function of the cortical collecting ducts?
Reabsorption of water
What is the effect of increased sympathetic outflow to the renal arterioles?
Decreased GFR
What is the primary stimulus for renin secretion?
Decreased extracellular volume
What is the effect of atrial natriuretic peptide on sodium reabsorption?
Decreased sodium reabsorption
What is the primary mechanism of sodium regulation in the kidneys?
Tubular reabsorption
What is the effect of increased vasopressin secretion on water excretion?
Decreased water excretion
What is the primary function of the medullary collecting ducts?
Concentration of the urine
What is the effect of severe sweating on plasma osmolarity?
Increased plasma osmolarity
What is the role of the juxtaglomerular cells in the regulation of sodium levels?
Secretion of renin
What is the primary mechanism of potassium regulation in the kidneys?
Potassium secretion in the distal tubule
What is the major controlled variable determining potassium excretion?
Potassium secretion in the cortical collecting ducts
What is the effect of increased plasma aldosterone on potassium secretion?
It stimulates potassium secretion
In which nephron segment does most calcium and phosphate ion reabsorption occur?
Proximal tubule
What is the role of parathyroid hormone (PTH) in calcium and phosphate regulation?
It increases calcium ion absorption in the distal convoluted tubule
What is the result of the kidneys regulating plasma hydrogen ion concentration?
It maintains a stable plasma bicarbonate concentration
What is the effect of an increase in arterial plasma hydrogen ion concentration on respiratory rate?
It increases respiratory rate
What is the primary function of the kidneys in maintaining body hydrogen ion balance?
To regulate urinary hydrogen ion excretion
What is the role of the CO2/HCO3− system in the body?
It is the primary extracellular buffering system
What is the effect of diuretics on the excretion of sodium and water?
They increase the excretion of sodium and water
What is the significance of buffering in the body?
It helps to maintain a stable plasma hydrogen ion concentration
What is the primary driving force behind glomerular filtration?
Hydrostatic pressure in the glomerular capillaries
What is the consequence of the filtered load of a substance exceeding its transport maximum?
Large amounts of the substance may appear in the urine
What is the role of the tubular epithelium in the reabsorption of certain substances?
It permeates the substances into the interstitium
What is the primary function of the renal clearance of a substance?
To calculate the rate of excretion of the substance
What is the mechanism of tubular reabsorption of Na+?
Primary active transport through the apical membrane
What is the role of vasopressin in water reabsorption?
It increases water reabsorption in the collecting ducts
What is the result of the body gaining water via ingestion and internal production?
An increase in water reabsorption in the kidneys
What is the role of the parasympathetic nerves in the spinal micturition reflex?
They stimulate the contraction of the detrusor muscle
What is the consequence of the tubular reabsorption of Na+?
It creates an osmotic difference across the tubule, which drives water reabsorption
What is the role of the sympathetic nerves in the voluntary control of micturition?
They stimulate the contraction of the external urethral sphincter
Test your knowledge on the functions of the kidneys, including regulation of water and ionic composition, excretion of waste products, and production of hormones. This quiz also covers the structure of the kidneys and urinary system, including the nephron and its components.
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