Renal Functions and Kidney Structure Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the renal corpuscle in the nephron?

  • To filter waste products from the blood (correct)
  • To reabsorb nutrients from the urine
  • To store urine in the kidneys
  • To secrete hormones into the blood

    • What is the role of the peritubular capillaries in the nephron?

  • To receive blood from the afferent arteriole
  • To drain blood from the efferent arteriole
  • To supply oxygen to the tubule cells
  • To supply the tubule with the necessary substances for reabsorption (correct)

    • What is the term for the capillary tuft in the renal corpuscle?

  • Loop of Henle
  • Nephron
  • Bowman's capsule
  • Glomerulus (correct)

    • What is the result of the combination of glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, and tubular secretion in the kidneys?

    <p>The excretion of a substance is equal to the amount filtered plus the amount secreted minus the amount reabsorbed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the distal convoluted tubule in the nephron?

    <p>To regulate the water and ionic composition of the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the system where multiple tubules join and empty into the renal pelvis?

    <p>Collecting-duct system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary driving force behind glomerular filtration?

    <p>Hydrostatic pressure in the glomerular capillaries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of reabsorption of substances to which the tubular epithelium is permeable?

    <p>Diffusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the transport maximum in mediated transporte systems?

    <p>It determines the amount of substance excreted in the urine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the parasympathetic neurons in the spinal micturition reflex?

    <p>They stimulate the contraction of the detrusor muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of Na+ reabsorption in the tubules?

    <p>Active transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of vasopressin on water reabsorption in the collecting ducts?

    <p>It increases water permeability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the major homeostatic control point for maintaining stable balance of water and Na+?

    <p>Kidney</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of the filtered load of a substance exceeding its transport maximum?

    <p>Large amounts of the substance appear in the urine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the renal countercurrent multiplier system?

    <p>It produces a small volume of concentrated urine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the glomerular filtration?

    <p>To filter protein-free plasma into Bowman's space</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the active transport of sodium chloride by the ascending loop of Henle?

    <p>Increased osmolarity of the interstitial fluid of the medulla</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of vasopressin on the cortical collecting ducts?

    <p>Increases the permeability to water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the hairpin-loop structure of the vasa recta?

    <p>To prevent the countercurrent gradient from being washed away</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main controller of tubular Na+ reabsorption?

    <p>Aldosterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of increased arterial pressure on Na+ reabsorption?

    <p>Decreases Na+ reabsorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main controller of water excretion?

    <p>Vasopressin-mediated control of water reabsorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of severe sweating on plasma volume and osmolarity?

    <p>Decreases plasma volume and increases osmolarity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the cortical collecting ducts in potassium regulation?

    <p>Secretion of potassium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of osmoreceptors in vasopressin secretion?

    <p>Stimulate vasopressin secretion in response to high body fluid osmolarity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to potassium secretion when body potassium levels increase?

    <p>It increases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the proximal tubule in calcium and phosphate regulation?

    <p>Reabsorption of calcium and phosphate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the renin-angiotensin system in sodium regulation?

    <p>Is one of the two major controllers of aldosterone secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of increased aldosterone secretion on potassium levels?

    <p>Increased potassium secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the net result of the renal retention of Na+ and H2O in response to severe sweating?

    <p>Minimizes hypovolemia and maintains plasma osmolarity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the loop of Henle?

    <p>Generation of the medullary osmotic gradient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of PTH on calcium ion absorption?

    <p>Increased calcium ion absorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of diuretics?

    <p>Inhibition of sodium reabsorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary means of maintaining body H+ balance?

    <p>Regulation of urinary losses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of an increase in arterial plasma H+ concentration on respiratory rate?

    <p>Hypoventilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the classification of acidosis or alkalosis due to retention of carbon dioxide?

    <p>Respiratory acidosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the kidneys in producing glucose during prolonged fasting?

    <p>They produce glucose through gluconeogenesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the Bowman's capsule in the nephron?

    <p>It collects the filtrate from the glomerulus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the net result of the three basic renal processes in the kidneys?

    <p>The amount of substance excreted is equal to the amount secreted minus the amount reabsorbed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the peritubular capillaries in the nephron?

    <p>They supply the tubule with oxygen and nutrients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the renal corpuscle in the nephron?

    <p>It filters the blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the erythropoietin produced by the kidneys?

    <p>It stimulates the production of red blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the cortical collecting ducts?

    <p>Reabsorption of water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of increased sympathetic outflow to the renal arterioles?

    <p>Decreased GFR</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary stimulus for renin secretion?

    <p>Decreased extracellular volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of atrial natriuretic peptide on sodium reabsorption?

    <p>Decreased sodium reabsorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of sodium regulation in the kidneys?

    <p>Tubular reabsorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of increased vasopressin secretion on water excretion?

    <p>Decreased water excretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the medullary collecting ducts?

    <p>Concentration of the urine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of severe sweating on plasma osmolarity?

    <p>Increased plasma osmolarity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the juxtaglomerular cells in the regulation of sodium levels?

    <p>Secretion of renin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of potassium regulation in the kidneys?

    <p>Potassium secretion in the distal tubule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the major controlled variable determining potassium excretion?

    <p>Potassium secretion in the cortical collecting ducts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of increased plasma aldosterone on potassium secretion?

    <p>It stimulates potassium secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which nephron segment does most calcium and phosphate ion reabsorption occur?

    <p>Proximal tubule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of parathyroid hormone (PTH) in calcium and phosphate regulation?

    <p>It increases calcium ion absorption in the distal convoluted tubule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the kidneys regulating plasma hydrogen ion concentration?

    <p>It maintains a stable plasma bicarbonate concentration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of an increase in arterial plasma hydrogen ion concentration on respiratory rate?

    <p>It increases respiratory rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the kidneys in maintaining body hydrogen ion balance?

    <p>To regulate urinary hydrogen ion excretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the CO2/HCO3− system in the body?

    <p>It is the primary extracellular buffering system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of diuretics on the excretion of sodium and water?

    <p>They increase the excretion of sodium and water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of buffering in the body?

    <p>It helps to maintain a stable plasma hydrogen ion concentration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary driving force behind glomerular filtration?

    <p>Hydrostatic pressure in the glomerular capillaries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of the filtered load of a substance exceeding its transport maximum?

    <p>Large amounts of the substance may appear in the urine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the tubular epithelium in the reabsorption of certain substances?

    <p>It permeates the substances into the interstitium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the renal clearance of a substance?

    <p>To calculate the rate of excretion of the substance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of tubular reabsorption of Na+?

    <p>Primary active transport through the apical membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of vasopressin in water reabsorption?

    <p>It increases water reabsorption in the collecting ducts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the body gaining water via ingestion and internal production?

    <p>An increase in water reabsorption in the kidneys</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the parasympathetic nerves in the spinal micturition reflex?

    <p>They stimulate the contraction of the detrusor muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of the tubular reabsorption of Na+?

    <p>It creates an osmotic difference across the tubule, which drives water reabsorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the sympathetic nerves in the voluntary control of micturition?

    <p>They stimulate the contraction of the external urethral sphincter</p> Signup and view all the answers

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