Renal Functions and Kidney Structure Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the renal corpuscle in the nephron?

  • To filter waste products from the blood (correct)
  • To reabsorb nutrients from the urine
  • To store urine in the kidneys
  • To secrete hormones into the blood

What is the role of the peritubular capillaries in the nephron?

  • To receive blood from the afferent arteriole
  • To drain blood from the efferent arteriole
  • To supply oxygen to the tubule cells
  • To supply the tubule with the necessary substances for reabsorption (correct)

What is the term for the capillary tuft in the renal corpuscle?

  • Loop of Henle
  • Nephron
  • Bowman's capsule
  • Glomerulus (correct)

What is the result of the combination of glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, and tubular secretion in the kidneys?

<p>The excretion of a substance is equal to the amount filtered plus the amount secreted minus the amount reabsorbed (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the distal convoluted tubule in the nephron?

<p>To regulate the water and ionic composition of the body (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the system where multiple tubules join and empty into the renal pelvis?

<p>Collecting-duct system (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary driving force behind glomerular filtration?

<p>Hydrostatic pressure in the glomerular capillaries (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of reabsorption of substances to which the tubular epithelium is permeable?

<p>Diffusion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the transport maximum in mediated transporte systems?

<p>It determines the amount of substance excreted in the urine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the parasympathetic neurons in the spinal micturition reflex?

<p>They stimulate the contraction of the detrusor muscle (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of Na+ reabsorption in the tubules?

<p>Active transport (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of vasopressin on water reabsorption in the collecting ducts?

<p>It increases water permeability (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the major homeostatic control point for maintaining stable balance of water and Na+?

<p>Kidney (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of the filtered load of a substance exceeding its transport maximum?

<p>Large amounts of the substance appear in the urine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the renal countercurrent multiplier system?

<p>It produces a small volume of concentrated urine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the glomerular filtration?

<p>To filter protein-free plasma into Bowman's space (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the active transport of sodium chloride by the ascending loop of Henle?

<p>Increased osmolarity of the interstitial fluid of the medulla (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of vasopressin on the cortical collecting ducts?

<p>Increases the permeability to water (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the hairpin-loop structure of the vasa recta?

<p>To prevent the countercurrent gradient from being washed away (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main controller of tubular Na+ reabsorption?

<p>Aldosterone (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of increased arterial pressure on Na+ reabsorption?

<p>Decreases Na+ reabsorption (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main controller of water excretion?

<p>Vasopressin-mediated control of water reabsorption (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of severe sweating on plasma volume and osmolarity?

<p>Decreases plasma volume and increases osmolarity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the cortical collecting ducts in potassium regulation?

<p>Secretion of potassium (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of osmoreceptors in vasopressin secretion?

<p>Stimulate vasopressin secretion in response to high body fluid osmolarity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to potassium secretion when body potassium levels increase?

<p>It increases (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the proximal tubule in calcium and phosphate regulation?

<p>Reabsorption of calcium and phosphate (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the renin-angiotensin system in sodium regulation?

<p>Is one of the two major controllers of aldosterone secretion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of increased aldosterone secretion on potassium levels?

<p>Increased potassium secretion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the net result of the renal retention of Na+ and H2O in response to severe sweating?

<p>Minimizes hypovolemia and maintains plasma osmolarity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the loop of Henle?

<p>Generation of the medullary osmotic gradient (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of PTH on calcium ion absorption?

<p>Increased calcium ion absorption (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of diuretics?

<p>Inhibition of sodium reabsorption (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary means of maintaining body H+ balance?

<p>Regulation of urinary losses (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of an increase in arterial plasma H+ concentration on respiratory rate?

<p>Hypoventilation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the classification of acidosis or alkalosis due to retention of carbon dioxide?

<p>Respiratory acidosis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the kidneys in producing glucose during prolonged fasting?

<p>They produce glucose through gluconeogenesis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the Bowman's capsule in the nephron?

<p>It collects the filtrate from the glomerulus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the net result of the three basic renal processes in the kidneys?

<p>The amount of substance excreted is equal to the amount secreted minus the amount reabsorbed (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the peritubular capillaries in the nephron?

<p>They supply the tubule with oxygen and nutrients (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the renal corpuscle in the nephron?

<p>It filters the blood (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the erythropoietin produced by the kidneys?

<p>It stimulates the production of red blood cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the cortical collecting ducts?

<p>Reabsorption of water (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of increased sympathetic outflow to the renal arterioles?

<p>Decreased GFR (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary stimulus for renin secretion?

<p>Decreased extracellular volume (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of atrial natriuretic peptide on sodium reabsorption?

<p>Decreased sodium reabsorption (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of sodium regulation in the kidneys?

<p>Tubular reabsorption (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of increased vasopressin secretion on water excretion?

<p>Decreased water excretion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the medullary collecting ducts?

<p>Concentration of the urine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of severe sweating on plasma osmolarity?

<p>Increased plasma osmolarity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the juxtaglomerular cells in the regulation of sodium levels?

<p>Secretion of renin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of potassium regulation in the kidneys?

<p>Potassium secretion in the distal tubule (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the major controlled variable determining potassium excretion?

<p>Potassium secretion in the cortical collecting ducts (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of increased plasma aldosterone on potassium secretion?

<p>It stimulates potassium secretion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which nephron segment does most calcium and phosphate ion reabsorption occur?

<p>Proximal tubule (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of parathyroid hormone (PTH) in calcium and phosphate regulation?

<p>It increases calcium ion absorption in the distal convoluted tubule (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the kidneys regulating plasma hydrogen ion concentration?

<p>It maintains a stable plasma bicarbonate concentration (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of an increase in arterial plasma hydrogen ion concentration on respiratory rate?

<p>It increases respiratory rate (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the kidneys in maintaining body hydrogen ion balance?

<p>To regulate urinary hydrogen ion excretion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the CO2/HCO3− system in the body?

<p>It is the primary extracellular buffering system (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of diuretics on the excretion of sodium and water?

<p>They increase the excretion of sodium and water (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of buffering in the body?

<p>It helps to maintain a stable plasma hydrogen ion concentration (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary driving force behind glomerular filtration?

<p>Hydrostatic pressure in the glomerular capillaries (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of the filtered load of a substance exceeding its transport maximum?

<p>Large amounts of the substance may appear in the urine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the tubular epithelium in the reabsorption of certain substances?

<p>It permeates the substances into the interstitium (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the renal clearance of a substance?

<p>To calculate the rate of excretion of the substance (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of tubular reabsorption of Na+?

<p>Primary active transport through the apical membrane (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of vasopressin in water reabsorption?

<p>It increases water reabsorption in the collecting ducts (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the body gaining water via ingestion and internal production?

<p>An increase in water reabsorption in the kidneys (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the parasympathetic nerves in the spinal micturition reflex?

<p>They stimulate the contraction of the detrusor muscle (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of the tubular reabsorption of Na+?

<p>It creates an osmotic difference across the tubule, which drives water reabsorption (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the sympathetic nerves in the voluntary control of micturition?

<p>They stimulate the contraction of the external urethral sphincter (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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