Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the appropriate interpretation of a patient with a urine output of 25 mL per hour?
What is the appropriate interpretation of a patient with a urine output of 25 mL per hour?
- Normal urine output.
- Oliguria. (correct)
- Polyuria.
- Anuria.
Which condition is indicated by a patient urinating more than 3 liters per day?
Which condition is indicated by a patient urinating more than 3 liters per day?
- Oliguria.
- Polyuria. (correct)
- Anuria.
- Acute kidney injury.
How should the nurse interpret a patient's fluid intake of 2,500 mL and an output of 1,800 mL over 24 hours?
How should the nurse interpret a patient's fluid intake of 2,500 mL and an output of 1,800 mL over 24 hours?
- Fluid overload is present.
- Patient is experiencing dehydration.
- Insensible fluid losses are accounting for the difference. (correct)
- Fluid balance is normal.
In a patient with dehydration and a urine output of 300 mL in 24 hours, which finding is expected?
In a patient with dehydration and a urine output of 300 mL in 24 hours, which finding is expected?
If a patient has a total fluid intake of 3,000 mL and output of 4,000 mL in the past 24 hours, what is the most appropriate nursing intervention?
If a patient has a total fluid intake of 3,000 mL and output of 4,000 mL in the past 24 hours, what is the most appropriate nursing intervention?
What indicates fluid overload in a patient who has excessive urine output?
What indicates fluid overload in a patient who has excessive urine output?
In cases of acute kidney injury, what is a typical urine output characteristic?
In cases of acute kidney injury, what is a typical urine output characteristic?
Which of the following conditions can lead to an output of oliguria?
Which of the following conditions can lead to an output of oliguria?
What is the priority intervention for a patient with elevated BUN and normal creatinine levels?
What is the priority intervention for a patient with elevated BUN and normal creatinine levels?
What is a key symptom that distinguishes pyelonephritis from uncomplicated UTIs?
What is a key symptom that distinguishes pyelonephritis from uncomplicated UTIs?
Which lab finding would most likely be present in a patient with glomerulonephritis?
Which lab finding would most likely be present in a patient with glomerulonephritis?
In a patient suspected of having vesicoureteral reflux and recurrent UTIs, which complication should be most closely monitored?
In a patient suspected of having vesicoureteral reflux and recurrent UTIs, which complication should be most closely monitored?
What most accurately characterizes a complicated UTI in males?
What most accurately characterizes a complicated UTI in males?
Which presentation suggests the presence of a complicated UTI?
Which presentation suggests the presence of a complicated UTI?
What type of UTI is indicated by dysuria and frequency but without systemic symptoms?
What type of UTI is indicated by dysuria and frequency but without systemic symptoms?
Which symptom is a classic indication of pyelonephritis?
Which symptom is a classic indication of pyelonephritis?
What is the most appropriate initial intervention for a patient exhibiting signs of hypovolemia?
What is the most appropriate initial intervention for a patient exhibiting signs of hypovolemia?
What initial management should be taken for a patient with pyelonephritis and concern for sepsis?
What initial management should be taken for a patient with pyelonephritis and concern for sepsis?
What is the most common mechanism for developing pyelonephritis?
What is the most common mechanism for developing pyelonephritis?
Which lab finding suggests that a patient is likely dehydrated?
Which lab finding suggests that a patient is likely dehydrated?
What condition is most indicated by a specific gravity of 1.008 in a urinalysis?
What condition is most indicated by a specific gravity of 1.008 in a urinalysis?
Which finding would most likely concern the nurse in a patient with recurrent UTIs?
Which finding would most likely concern the nurse in a patient with recurrent UTIs?
What is the likely diagnosis for an elderly patient presenting with new-onset confusion and a urinalysis showing WBCs and bacteria?
What is the likely diagnosis for an elderly patient presenting with new-onset confusion and a urinalysis showing WBCs and bacteria?
In a patient with elevated BUN and creatinine, which initial nursing action is most appropriate?
In a patient with elevated BUN and creatinine, which initial nursing action is most appropriate?
Which finding in urinalysis typically suggests glomerular involvement?
Which finding in urinalysis typically suggests glomerular involvement?
Which lab value is most concerning for a patient receiving potentially nephrotoxic medication?
Which lab value is most concerning for a patient receiving potentially nephrotoxic medication?
What is the most likely interpretation of elevated BUN and creatinine, alongside reduced GFR in an elderly patient?
What is the most likely interpretation of elevated BUN and creatinine, alongside reduced GFR in an elderly patient?
What intervention is best for a patient with a BUN of 60 mg/dL and creatinine of 3.2 mg/dL?
What intervention is best for a patient with a BUN of 60 mg/dL and creatinine of 3.2 mg/dL?
Which is a critical factor in calculating GFR that could delay kidney disease diagnosis in African-American patients?
Which is a critical factor in calculating GFR that could delay kidney disease diagnosis in African-American patients?
What is the expected clinical finding in a patient with symptoms of uremia?
What is the expected clinical finding in a patient with symptoms of uremia?
For a patient presenting with fatigue and decreased urine output, what is the best initial step in management?
For a patient presenting with fatigue and decreased urine output, what is the best initial step in management?
A patient with a creatinine level of 1.7 mg/dL should most appropriately receive which intervention?
A patient with a creatinine level of 1.7 mg/dL should most appropriately receive which intervention?
What might elevated BUN of 40 mg/dL and creatinine of 1.0 mg/dL indicate in a patient?
What might elevated BUN of 40 mg/dL and creatinine of 1.0 mg/dL indicate in a patient?
What is the most appropriate next step in managing a patient with pyelonephritis?
What is the most appropriate next step in managing a patient with pyelonephritis?
Which recommendation is the most important for UTI prevention?
Which recommendation is the most important for UTI prevention?
What urine output is considered the minimum threshold to prevent oliguria?
What urine output is considered the minimum threshold to prevent oliguria?
What is the most appropriate advice for reducing the risk of recurrent UTIs?
What is the most appropriate advice for reducing the risk of recurrent UTIs?
What should a nurse say regarding the completion of an antibiotic course?
What should a nurse say regarding the completion of an antibiotic course?
Who is most at risk of developing antibiotic resistance related to UTI treatment?
Who is most at risk of developing antibiotic resistance related to UTI treatment?
What is the appropriate intervention for a patient with recurrent UTIs and early termination of antibiotics?
What is the appropriate intervention for a patient with recurrent UTIs and early termination of antibiotics?
Which patient presentation is most indicative of glomerulonephritis?
Which patient presentation is most indicative of glomerulonephritis?
What urinalysis finding is the hallmark of glomerulonephritis?
What urinalysis finding is the hallmark of glomerulonephritis?
What is the primary cause of proteinuria and hematuria in a patient with a history of strep throat?
What is the primary cause of proteinuria and hematuria in a patient with a history of strep throat?
Which clinical finding is a distinguishing factor between glomerulonephritis and pyelonephritis?
Which clinical finding is a distinguishing factor between glomerulonephritis and pyelonephritis?
Which condition is a significant risk factor for recurrent UTIs?
Which condition is a significant risk factor for recurrent UTIs?
What is the most effective way to ensure adequate hydration to prevent UTIs?
What is the most effective way to ensure adequate hydration to prevent UTIs?
Which of the following findings is most characteristic of glomerulonephritis?
Which of the following findings is most characteristic of glomerulonephritis?
What additional finding is commonly associated with fluid retention in glomerulonephritis?
What additional finding is commonly associated with fluid retention in glomerulonephritis?
Which condition is most likely indicated by the combination of sore throat, pitting edema, and cola-colored urine in a child?
Which condition is most likely indicated by the combination of sore throat, pitting edema, and cola-colored urine in a child?
What is the most appropriate initial nursing intervention for a patient with a ureteral stone?
What is the most appropriate initial nursing intervention for a patient with a ureteral stone?
What dietary recommendation is crucial for a patient at risk for calcium oxalate stones?
What dietary recommendation is crucial for a patient at risk for calcium oxalate stones?
Which post-procedure finding after lithotripsy would be most concerning?
Which post-procedure finding after lithotripsy would be most concerning?
In a patient with a serum calcium level of 11.2 mg/dL, what should the nurse prioritize?
In a patient with a serum calcium level of 11.2 mg/dL, what should the nurse prioritize?
Which statement demonstrates a misconception about dietary recommendations to prevent kidney stones?
Which statement demonstrates a misconception about dietary recommendations to prevent kidney stones?
During an evaluation of glomerulonephritis, what laboratory finding is expected?
During an evaluation of glomerulonephritis, what laboratory finding is expected?
Which symptom is not typically associated with nephrolithiasis?
Which symptom is not typically associated with nephrolithiasis?
What urine characteristic might indicate potential nephrolithiasis?
What urine characteristic might indicate potential nephrolithiasis?
What is a common consequence of untreated post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis?
What is a common consequence of untreated post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis?
Which of the following is a primary cause of pyelonephritis?
Which of the following is a primary cause of pyelonephritis?
What intervention should be avoided in the initial management of a patient with a ureteral stone?
What intervention should be avoided in the initial management of a patient with a ureteral stone?
What urine output per hour is indicative of oliguria in a patient weighing 65 kg?
What urine output per hour is indicative of oliguria in a patient weighing 65 kg?
A patient with acute kidney injury displays an intake of 2,500 mL and an output of 1,800 mL in 24 hours. What does this suggest?
A patient with acute kidney injury displays an intake of 2,500 mL and an output of 1,800 mL in 24 hours. What does this suggest?
What renal condition is suggested by excessive urination greater than 3 liters a day?
What renal condition is suggested by excessive urination greater than 3 liters a day?
What finding should the nurse expect in a dehydrated patient with only 300 mL of output in 24 hours?
What finding should the nurse expect in a dehydrated patient with only 300 mL of output in 24 hours?
If a patient has a total fluid intake of 3,000 mL and an output of 4,000 mL in the past 24 hours, which intervention is appropriate?
If a patient has a total fluid intake of 3,000 mL and an output of 4,000 mL in the past 24 hours, which intervention is appropriate?
What term describes urine output that is less than 400 mL in 24 hours?
What term describes urine output that is less than 400 mL in 24 hours?
What clinical intervention is indicated for a patient with persistent polyuria?
What clinical intervention is indicated for a patient with persistent polyuria?
What physiologic response occurs with dehydration that affects urine concentration?
What physiologic response occurs with dehydration that affects urine concentration?
What clinical sign is most indicative of hypovolemia in a patient?
What clinical sign is most indicative of hypovolemia in a patient?
How does elevated BUN with normal creatinine indicate dehydration?
How does elevated BUN with normal creatinine indicate dehydration?
What is a potential complication of using nephrotoxic antibiotics?
What is a potential complication of using nephrotoxic antibiotics?
In a patient with acute kidney injury, which lab result would raise the most concern?
In a patient with acute kidney injury, which lab result would raise the most concern?
Which physiological effect does dehydration primarily have on the kidneys?
Which physiological effect does dehydration primarily have on the kidneys?
What finding would most likely indicate a process of chronic kidney disease rather than acute kidney injury in a patient?
What finding would most likely indicate a process of chronic kidney disease rather than acute kidney injury in a patient?
What symptom is commonly associated with uremia?
What symptom is commonly associated with uremia?
What is the most important nursing action after identifying significant kidney dysfunction?
What is the most important nursing action after identifying significant kidney dysfunction?
Which of the following adjustments in calculating GFR could delay kidney disease diagnosis in African-American patients?
Which of the following adjustments in calculating GFR could delay kidney disease diagnosis in African-American patients?
What laboratory result most strongly suggests a patient is not achieving adequate hydration?
What laboratory result most strongly suggests a patient is not achieving adequate hydration?
In patients with a history of urinary tract infection, what condition should be monitored for?
In patients with a history of urinary tract infection, what condition should be monitored for?
Which laboratory value is most concerning for a patient receiving nephrotoxic medications?
Which laboratory value is most concerning for a patient receiving nephrotoxic medications?
What is the most likely result of administering diuretics to a patient with existing hypovolemia?
What is the most likely result of administering diuretics to a patient with existing hypovolemia?
Which symptom is uniquely associated with glomerulonephritis compared to pyelonephritis?
Which symptom is uniquely associated with glomerulonephritis compared to pyelonephritis?
Which finding would most likely be observed in a patient with glomerulonephritis?
Which finding would most likely be observed in a patient with glomerulonephritis?
What condition is indicated by a history of sore throat followed by pitting edema and cola-colored urine in a child?
What condition is indicated by a history of sore throat followed by pitting edema and cola-colored urine in a child?
What is the initial priority intervention for a patient with severe flank pain due to a ureteral stone?
What is the initial priority intervention for a patient with severe flank pain due to a ureteral stone?
Which dietary change is recommended for preventing calcium oxalate kidney stones?
Which dietary change is recommended for preventing calcium oxalate kidney stones?
What post-procedure finding after lithotripsy would most raise concern?
What post-procedure finding after lithotripsy would most raise concern?
Which follow-up action should a nurse prioritize for a patient with hypercalcemia and kidney stones?
Which follow-up action should a nurse prioritize for a patient with hypercalcemia and kidney stones?
Which patient statement reflects a misunderstanding of kidney stone prevention?
Which patient statement reflects a misunderstanding of kidney stone prevention?
What is the most appropriate initial step for a patient with severe right flank pain and a 4-mm ureteral stone?
What is the most appropriate initial step for a patient with severe right flank pain and a 4-mm ureteral stone?
Which condition is most likely indicated by proteinuria, hematuria, and hypertension in a child after a strep throat infection?
Which condition is most likely indicated by proteinuria, hematuria, and hypertension in a child after a strep throat infection?
Which sign is indicative of fluid overload in patients with kidney issues?
Which sign is indicative of fluid overload in patients with kidney issues?
What is the most likely result of consuming high-oxalate foods like spinach in someone with kidney stones?
What is the most likely result of consuming high-oxalate foods like spinach in someone with kidney stones?
Which is a common symptom seen in glomerulonephritis that is not typical of pyelonephritis?
Which is a common symptom seen in glomerulonephritis that is not typical of pyelonephritis?
A patient with nephrolithiasis complains of hematuria. Which additional finding could indicate a more serious complication?
A patient with nephrolithiasis complains of hematuria. Which additional finding could indicate a more serious complication?
What is the most significant lab finding that suggests a patient might be experiencing pyelonephritis?
What is the most significant lab finding that suggests a patient might be experiencing pyelonephritis?
In which circumstance should a nurse hold nephrotoxic medications?
In which circumstance should a nurse hold nephrotoxic medications?
What condition is most likely if a patient presents with flank pain, fever, and elevated WBCs?
What condition is most likely if a patient presents with flank pain, fever, and elevated WBCs?
Which of the following symptoms is least likely associated with an uncomplicated UTI?
Which of the following symptoms is least likely associated with an uncomplicated UTI?
Which initial management step is most appropriate for a patient with pyelonephritis showing signs of sepsis?
Which initial management step is most appropriate for a patient with pyelonephritis showing signs of sepsis?
What is the most appropriate diagnosis for an elderly patient with confusion, WBCs in urine, and positive nitrites?
What is the most appropriate diagnosis for an elderly patient with confusion, WBCs in urine, and positive nitrites?
Which urinalysis finding is most indicative of glomerulonephritis?
Which urinalysis finding is most indicative of glomerulonephritis?
What complication should be monitored in a patient with vesicoureteral reflux?
What complication should be monitored in a patient with vesicoureteral reflux?
Which type of UTI is most often seen in males with systemic symptoms and complications?
Which type of UTI is most often seen in males with systemic symptoms and complications?
When treating a patient with an uncomplicated UTI, which of the following components is unnecessary?
When treating a patient with an uncomplicated UTI, which of the following components is unnecessary?
What would most likely be a risk factor for recurrent UTIs?
What would most likely be a risk factor for recurrent UTIs?
What is the primary management for a patient exhibiting dysuria and urinary frequency but no fever?
What is the primary management for a patient exhibiting dysuria and urinary frequency but no fever?
Which factor distinctly differentiates complicated UTIs from uncomplicated ones in males?
Which factor distinctly differentiates complicated UTIs from uncomplicated ones in males?
A biologic male with fever and flank pain is likely experiencing which type of UTI?
A biologic male with fever and flank pain is likely experiencing which type of UTI?
What is the most appropriate next step in managing a patient with pyelonephritis and systemic symptoms?
What is the most appropriate next step in managing a patient with pyelonephritis and systemic symptoms?
Which recommendation for UTI prevention should be emphasized as the most important?
Which recommendation for UTI prevention should be emphasized as the most important?
What urine output indicates that a patient meets the minimum threshold to prevent oliguria?
What urine output indicates that a patient meets the minimum threshold to prevent oliguria?
What advice is most appropriate for a biologic female with recurrent UTIs?
What advice is most appropriate for a biologic female with recurrent UTIs?
What should the nurse emphasize regarding antibiotic use to prevent resistance in UTI treatment?
What should the nurse emphasize regarding antibiotic use to prevent resistance in UTI treatment?
Which patient is at the greatest risk of developing antibiotic resistance related to UTI treatment?
Which patient is at the greatest risk of developing antibiotic resistance related to UTI treatment?
In a case of uncomplicated UTI, what is the best intervention for a patient with a history of early antibiotic discontinuation?
In a case of uncomplicated UTI, what is the best intervention for a patient with a history of early antibiotic discontinuation?
Which clinical presentation is most indicative of glomerulonephritis?
Which clinical presentation is most indicative of glomerulonephritis?
Which urinalysis finding is most characteristic of glomerulonephritis?
Which urinalysis finding is most characteristic of glomerulonephritis?
What is the primary underlying cause of hypertension, proteinuria, and hematuria in a post-streptococcal patient?
What is the primary underlying cause of hypertension, proteinuria, and hematuria in a post-streptococcal patient?
Which clinical finding is most likely to distinguish glomerulonephritis from pyelonephritis?
Which clinical finding is most likely to distinguish glomerulonephritis from pyelonephritis?
Which of the following findings in a patient experiencing a UTI suggests the need for more extensive evaluation?
Which of the following findings in a patient experiencing a UTI suggests the need for more extensive evaluation?
How can fluid intake impact the occurrence of UTIs?
How can fluid intake impact the occurrence of UTIs?
Which patient population is at higher risk for recurrent UTIs due to anatomical factors?
Which patient population is at higher risk for recurrent UTIs due to anatomical factors?
Flashcards
Oliguria
Oliguria
Low urine output; less than 0.5 mL/kg/hour.
Polyuria
Polyuria
Excessive urination, greater than 3 liters per day.
Urine output
Urine output
The amount of urine produced by the kidneys per unit of time.
Fluid balance
Fluid balance
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Insensible fluid losses
Insensible fluid losses
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Urine specific gravity
Urine specific gravity
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Acute kidney injury
Acute kidney injury
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Dehydration
Dehydration
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BUN
BUN
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Creatinine
Creatinine
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Hypovolemia
Hypovolemia
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Normal BUN & Creatinine
Normal BUN & Creatinine
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Elevated BUN & Creatinine
Elevated BUN & Creatinine
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Dehydration, High BUN & Normal Creatinine
Dehydration, High BUN & Normal Creatinine
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Chronic Kidney Disease
Chronic Kidney Disease
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GFR
GFR
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Race-based GFR Adjustment
Race-based GFR Adjustment
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Uremia
Uremia
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Nephrotoxic drugs
Nephrotoxic drugs
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Specific Gravity
Specific Gravity
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Dehydration & Urine Specific Gravity
Dehydration & Urine Specific Gravity
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Fluid Management in AKI
Fluid Management in AKI
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Elevated BUN with normal creatinine
Elevated BUN with normal creatinine
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Pyelonephritis
Pyelonephritis
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Cystitis
Cystitis
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Glomerulonephritis
Glomerulonephritis
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CVA tenderness
CVA tenderness
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Vesicoureteral reflux
Vesicoureteral reflux
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Red blood cell casts in the urine
Red blood cell casts in the urine
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Leukocytosis
Leukocytosis
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Complicated UTI
Complicated UTI
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Uncomplicated UTI
Uncomplicated UTI
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Atypical UTI presentation in elderly
Atypical UTI presentation in elderly
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UTI in males
UTI in males
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Recurrent UTI's
Recurrent UTI's
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Progression to pyelonephritis
Progression to pyelonephritis
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UTI in pregnant women
UTI in pregnant women
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UTI prevention - Most important
UTI prevention - Most important
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Adequate urine output
Adequate urine output
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UTI risk reduction
UTI risk reduction
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Antibiotic resistance and UTIs
Antibiotic resistance and UTIs
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Glomerulonephritis hallmark finding
Glomerulonephritis hallmark finding
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Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis
Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis
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Glomerulonephritis vs. Pyelonephritis
Glomerulonephritis vs. Pyelonephritis
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Uncomplicated UTI treatment
Uncomplicated UTI treatment
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Recurrent UTIs and non-compliance
Recurrent UTIs and non-compliance
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Asymptomatic bacteriuria
Asymptomatic bacteriuria
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Prophylactic antibiotics for UTIs
Prophylactic antibiotics for UTIs
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UTI prevention - Controversial options
UTI prevention - Controversial options
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Dehydration & Elevated BUN
Dehydration & Elevated BUN
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What is a normal range for BUN?
What is a normal range for BUN?
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What is a normal range for Creatinine?
What is a normal range for Creatinine?
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What is the most likely cause of an elevated BUN with a normal Creatinine?
What is the most likely cause of an elevated BUN with a normal Creatinine?
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Dehydration & Specific Gravity
Dehydration & Specific Gravity
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Elevated BUN, Normal Creatinine
Elevated BUN, Normal Creatinine
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Red Blood Cell Casts in Urine
Red Blood Cell Casts in Urine
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Proteinuria
Proteinuria
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Hematuria
Hematuria
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Facial edema
Facial edema
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Flank pain
Flank pain
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Kidney stones
Kidney stones
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Hematuria (kidney stones)
Hematuria (kidney stones)
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Lithotripsy
Lithotripsy
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Hypercalcemia
Hypercalcemia
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Dietary oxalate restriction
Dietary oxalate restriction
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Severe pain and difficulty urinating (after lithotripsy)
Severe pain and difficulty urinating (after lithotripsy)
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Increased fluid intake for kidney stone prevention
Increased fluid intake for kidney stone prevention
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Study Notes
Renal Function & Disorders
- Oliguria: Urine output less than 0.5 mL/kg/hour (e.g., 25 mL/hour in a 65 kg patient).
- Polyuria: Excessive urination (>3 liters/day) often indicating conditions like diabetes mellitus or diabetes insipidus.
- Anuria: Complete absence of urine output.
- Fluid Balance: Intake and output should generally be balanced. Discrepancies can be due to insensible losses (sweat, stool, respiration).
- Urine Specific Gravity: Reflects urine concentration; elevated specific gravity indicates dehydration.
Kidney Injury & Dysfunction
- Acute Kidney Injury (AKI): Characterized by rapidly declining kidney function. Elevated BUN and creatinine are indicative.
- Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD): Progressive loss of kidney function, often associated with chronic conditions, like hypertension. Elevated BUN and creatinine are indicative.
- GFR (Glomerular Filtration Rate): Measures kidney function, calculated using various factors, including age and race. Race-based adjustments in GFR can lead to delayed diagnosis for African Americans.
- Uremia: Accumulation of nitrogenous waste products in the blood, leading to systemic effects, including altered mental status and hyperkalemia.
- BUN (Blood Urea Nitrogen) & Creatinine: Elevated levels indicate potential kidney dysfunction. Normal creatinine with elevated BUN suggests non-renal causes (dehydration, high protein diet).
- Renal Protection: Dehydration can impair renal function. IV fluids help maintain renal perfusion.
- Nephrotoxic Medications: Certain medications can damage kidneys. Monitoring renal function is crucial when administering them.
Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs)
- Types of UTIs:
- Cystitis (lower UTI): Involves the bladder, often characterized by dysuria (painful urination), urinary frequency, suprapubic pain, pyuria (pus), and positive nitrites in urine.
- Pyelonephritis (upper UTI): Involves one or both kidneys, presenting with systemic symptoms like fever, flank pain, and CVA tenderness (costovertebral angle tenderness). Requires more intensive treatment than cystitis.
- Complicated vs. uncomplicated UTIs: UTIs are classified as complicated if they occur in males, in patients with pre-existing conditions (like diabetes), or present with systemic signs. All in males are considered complicated.
- Vesicoureteral Reflux (VUR): Backflow of urine from the bladder to the ureters, increasing risk of recurrent pyelonephritis, especially in women.
- Glomerulonephritis: Involves inflammation of the glomeruli (filters in the kidneys), usually caused by an immune response after a recent infection (often strep throat). Characterized by proteinuria and hematuria (protein and blood in urine), facial puffiness (edema).
Kidney Stones (Nephrolithiasis)
- Kidney Stones: Crystal formations in the kidney. Symptoms include severe flank pain, hematuria, nausea. Hydration (3-4 L/day) facilitates their natural passage.
- Dietary Considerations: High oxalate foods (spinach, dark chocolate) should be limited and calcium intake managed appropriately to minimize stone formation.
- Hypercalcemia: High blood calcium levels may contribute to stone formation. This requires prompt medical attention.
- Post-Lithotripsy Considerations: Close monitoring for complications like severe pain and difficulty urinating, potentially needing surgery are important.
General Urinalysis Considerations
- Specific Gravity: Low specific gravity suggests overhydration, while a high specific gravity indicates dehydration.
- Urine Output: Adequate urine output (≥ 30 mL/hour) is crucial, preventing oliguria, which can arise from kidney issues.
- UTI Prevention: Regular voiding, post-coital urination, and completing full courses of antibiotics are key to preventing urinary tract infections.
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