Renaissance Social Changes and Humanism

The Italian Renaissance saw a transition from a rigid feudal system to a more fluid society based on wealth. Merchants and the middle class gained influence, while nobles, workers, and peasants remained significant social groups. Women primarily confined themselves to the household.

The Italian Renaissance saw the rise of powerful merchant families who used their wealth to influence politics. These families, like the Medici of Florence, became patrons of the arts, contributing to a vibrant cultural scene.

The Northern Renaissance saw religious reformations in England and France, leading to a shift in religious power. Exploration and missionary efforts played a key role in spreading Christianity to new lands.

The rediscovery of classical Greek and Roman texts sparked a renewed interest in humanism and philosophy during the Renaissance. This intellectual movement emphasized human potential and reason, influencing art, literature, and education.

The invention of the printing press revolutionized the way information was disseminated during the Northern Renaissance. This innovation enabled mass production of books, making knowledge more accessible and contributing to the spread of new ideas.

Changes in the economy during the Italian Renaissance included the decline of feudalism, a shift toward capitalism and mercantilism, and the rise of a new middle class. Increased taxation helped fund government and support growing cities.

The Renaissance saw a revival of international trade, particularly in spices, which became valuable commodities. Trade routes expanded, linking Europe with new regions, leading to increased wealth and cultural exchange.

The Renaissance saw the development of new economic practices such as double-entry bookkeeping, which improved financial accounting and record-keeping. The rise of joint-stock companies and banks facilitated business transactions.

A period in European history characterized by a renewed interest in classical learning, art, and culture following the Middle Ages. It originated in Italy and spread throughout Europe, marked by significant advances in science, literature, and the arts.

A movement that emphasized human potential and the value of individual achievement. It celebrated the study of classical literature, art, and philosophy.

A form of humanism that emphasized civic virtue and active participation in public life. It encouraged citizens to contribute to their city-states' prosperity and well-being.

The emergence of independent states in Europe, particularly in France, England, and Spain, during the late Middle Ages and early modern period. They consolidated their power, expanded their territories, and established strong central governments.

The economic expansion and transformation that occurred in Europe during the 16th and 17th centuries. It was characterized by increased trade, the growth of new financial institutions, and the rise of capitalism.

An economic policy that emphasizes the accumulation of wealth by a nation through exporting goods and services, while limiting imports.

A set of cultural, economic, and biological exchanges between the Old World and the New World, beginning with Christopher Columbus's voyages in 1492. It involved the transfer of plants, animals, diseases, and people between Europe, Africa, and the Americas.

The process by which European powers established colonies in the Americas and elsewhere, extracting resources and wealth from these territories.

A period in European history when people travelled to explore new lands and trade routes, leading to significant discoveries and advancements in navigation and cartography.

The exchange of ideas, goods, and people between Europe and the Americas during the Age of Exploration. It had a significant impact on the development of both continents.