Renaissance Education and Physical Sports

Renaissance Historical Introduction

• Greco-Roman knowledge influenced the period.
• Printing press facilitated the spread of knowledge.
• Socio-economic changes occurred, including the rise of a wealthy bourgeoisie.
• Scientific revolution impacted societal views.

Impact of Physical-Sports Education

• Physical education experienced a resurgence.
• Humanist ideals emphasized human potential.
• Theocentric views shifted to anthropocentric ones.
• A positive, active approach to life emerged.
• The necessity of physical education was understood.

Pedagogues of Renaissance

• Educators focused on improving culture, spirit, and personality.
• Dualism and Monism were considered.
• Social purpose was emphasized in education.
• Practical training for individuals was important.
• Military purpose was a significant factor.
• Hygiene and medical aspects were considered as important in education.
• Health was a goal of education

Italian Pedagogues

• Vittorino da Feltre was a key figure.

Father of Physical Education

• Founded "Casa Giocosa"
• Villa donated by the Gonzaga Family
• Incorporated Greek and military education.

Children with special education needs

• Maffeo Vegio wrote about child development and behavior.
• Prenatal training.
• Exercise to prevent psychological issues.

Hieronymus Mercurialis

• First book summarizing philosophical ideas on physical education.
• Reviewed Greek medical knowledge.
• Developed knowledge areas including military, athletic, and medical gymnastics.

Archange Tuccaro

• Served Charles IX (Acrobat)
• Wrote/Illustrated a book on acrobatic movements.

French Pedagogues (Novelists)

• François Rabelais.
• "Gargantua and Pantagruel."

Rhetoric, Grammar, and Dialects

• Insufficient without physical education.
• Physical education was seen to enhance the freedom and nature of humans.

Michel de Montaigne

• Criticism of sedentary lifestyles.

Thomas Elyot

• Understanding exercise's effects on human physiology.
• Improvements in bodily processes such as digestion and temperature regulation were part of his studies.

Richard Mulcaster

• Considered natural development in education.
• Systemized physical education, including indoor and outdoor learning, preparatory and athletic activities.
• Focused on desired physical effects and breathing improvement.

Muscles and Joints, Cardiovascular System

• Physical education was linked to the development of the body, including the musculoskeletal system.

Saint Ignatius of Loyola

• Used physical education to fight against Protestantism.
• Importance of physical training for spiritual growth.

Proposal to bring back Greek gymnasiums

• Cristobal Mendez advocated for reviving Greek gymnasiums, for education.

Father of Sports Medicine

• Principles of exercise adaptation.
• Categorization of exercise based on gender, age, location, health status, and body areas.

Physical and Sporting Activities of the Renaissance

• Similar activities to "Kolf" a Dutch game were played.
• Scottish golf was popular as well.
• Historical data for many sports in the Renaissance.

Fencing

• Sword-fighting evolved into a more artistic and strategic sport.

Florentine Calcio

• Evolution of the Roman game with rules adapted over time.
• A specific detail of the game was the ball-handling.
• 27 players, each team.
• A ball and foot game for two teams was very popular.

Other Italian Ball Games

• Similar games, like those involving balls, were very popular in Italy.

Equestrianism (Dressage)

• Techniques involved horse-riding and training were common.

Agility, Precision, Technique

• This relates to techniques learned in sports, like running, and more.

Palio di Siena

• Horse race with a specific goal.

Historical Introduction, Baroque

• This relates to Absolute Monarchy, wars, the scientific revolution, and related societal impacts.

Reformation and Counter-Reformation

• Religious discussions of the period.
• Issues regarding religious activity.

Martin Luther: 95 Theses on Christianity

• Religious issues of the period were central.
• Recognized Bible as the only source of religious information.
• Eliminated mediators to focus on the worshipper/God relationship.
• Emphasis on practices linked to religious beliefs.

Social, Political and religious features of sports during the Baroque period.

• This is a broad and comprehensive summary that encompasses all aspects of the Baroque period in a nutshell.
• Detailed information on sports and activities include rules, players, and goals on games and sports.
• The topic provides insight into how sports and other activities changed over time.

Jan Amos Comenio.

• Physical education considered a form of sensory approach to life.

John Locke

• Physical education approach.

René Descartes

• The body was considered important.

Sporting Activities, 17th Century

• Costwold Games were similar to the Olympic Games and were popular during the 17th century.

Robert Dover

• Some sports that might have originated in Gloucestershire, England, and were possibly stopped in 1660.

Lacrosse

• Native American sports.

Hurling

• Gaelic sport from ancient times (prior to 1200 BC), with chaotic, unpredictable aspects, and a focus on a particular, historical time period.
• Rules, goals, and participation-related information is crucial to understand.

Curling

• Scottish sport using rocks on frozen ground and developed over time.

Billards

• A game using sticks and balls.

Pall-Mall

• A sport that was common in the past.

The English Crown

• Financing of Pall-Mall court construction.

Fencing

• Summarizes German, Italian and French styles (Medieval tradition, speed, defense, self-defense techniques.).

Golf

• Caddies and advice from young people, 18-hole designs, and popularity.

Topic 10. Enlightenment

• Historical introduction information.
• Information on changes in ideology.

Physical Education in Enlightenment

• Improvements in knowledge aided physical education.
• Education became open to people of different backgrounds.
• Important philosophies (Naturalism, Rousseau, Helvetius, Rationalism, Kant, Philanthropism).

Natural Education (Jean-Jaques Rousseau)

• Emphasis on the natural development of children and a guide to this development.

Claude Adrien Helvetius

• Human beings are products of their environment.
• Development of human behavior through education or living environment.
• Specific consideration of spaces, areas for exercise.

Immanuel Kant

• Rationalist approach to education and discipline.

Johann Bernard Basedow

• Founded a school.
• Courses included physical education.
• Focus on Greek gymnastics.

Johann Friedrich Guts Muths

• Philantropist, teacher, "Gymnastics for Youth."

Gaspar Melchor de Jovellanos

• Origin of sports associations, competitive, modern, male-dominant.
• Importance of sporting practice relating to improving social capital.

Professional Boxers (Prizefighters)

• Bare-fisted boxing and other types of fighting (Rings, round systems, and other systems).
• James Figg, a sports promoter..
• Boxing school and Jack Broughton.

Cricket

• The first organized team sport in Europe.

Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC)

• Women were involved in playing the game.

Pedestrianism

• Footmen raced, with associated (betting) aspects.