Renaissance Physical Education PDF

Renaissance Historical Introduction * Greco-Roman Knowledge * Printing press * Socio-economic transformation * Wealthy bourgeoisie * Scientific revolution Impact of Physical-Sports Education * Resurgence of physical education * Humanist movement * Theocentric conception to anthropocentric...

Renaissance Historical Introduction * Greco-Roman Knowledge * Printing press * Socio-economic transformation * Wealthy bourgeoisie * Scientific revolution Impact of Physical-Sports Education * Resurgence of physical education * Humanist movement * Theocentric conception to anthropocentric vision * Positive, active and enthusiastic attitude towards life * Understanding of the necessity of physical education The Pedagogues of Renaissance * To improve culture, spirit, soul and personality * Dualism vs Monism * Social Purpose * Shaping, training, educate young individuals * Military Purpose * War in Europe so it was important to have a strong army * Hygenic/Medical Purpose * Achieve health Italian Pedagogues * Vittorino da Feltre  * Father of Physical Education * Founded “Casa Giocosa” * Villa donated by the Gonzaga Family * He incorporated Greek traditions and military education * Children with special education needs * Maffeo Vegio * Very important book about the education of children and their behaviour * Prenatal gymnastics * Believed that children were born healthier * Exercise could prevent psychological depression * Hieronymus Mercurialis * “De Arte Gymnastica” * First book that summarized the ideas of all philosophers about physical education * Bring back Greek medical knowledge * Military Gymnastics * Athletic Gymsastics * Medical Gymnastics * Archange Tuccaro * Acrobat * Served Charles IX as “kings jumper” * First illustrated book with steps on how to do acrobatic movements * Roundofs * Twists in the air * Believed it had medical benefits French Pedagogues (Novelists) * François Rabelais * “Gargantua and Pantagruel”  * Rhetoric, grammar and dialects were insufficient unless complemented with physical education * He proposed many sports and also swimming * How freedom and nature helps with physical education * Michel de Montaigne * “It is not a soul, it is not a body that must be educated; its a man” * Criticism of sedentarism English Pedagogues * Thomas Elyot * Understood the effects of exercise on the physiology of the human body * Digestion * Increased body temp. * Stimulated appetite * Strengthened metabolism * Cleansing of bodily channels * Richard Mulcaster * Education must consider the natural development of the learner * Systematization of physical education * Place of practice * Indoor * Outdoor * Purpose of execution * Preparatory * Athletic * Medicinal * Desired effects * Breathing improvement  * Muscles and joints * Cardiovascular system * His sessions (Learn the whole slide) Spanish Pedagogues * Saint Ignatius of Loyola * Fight against protestantism through physical education * Without training physically it is impossible to improve one’s spirit * Schools were encouraged to have an open space to be used as a play ground * Juan Luis Vives * Proposal to bring back greek gymnasiums * Cristobal Mendez * Father of Sports Medicine * Principles of exercise adaptation * Suggested that women should engage in PA * Classification of exercise based on: * Gender * Age * Location * Health Status * Body Areas Physical and Sporting Activities of the Renaissance Closest similarity to the “Kolf” from the Dutch Scottish Golf (Gowk) * Struck stones to drive them into rabbit holes * Banned by several kings for citizens to focus on archery training * King James IV had is own golf clubs * First documented golfer Sir Robert Maule Fencing * Evolution of dual combats, chivalry training * The use of swords are now more artistic * Born in Spain * Fencing masters in Italy * Jeronimo Sanchez de Carranza * Founded Verdadera Destreza * Combat with geometric principles (Reach) * Fencing should serve justice and defend Christian ideals * Luis (Finish from slides) Florentine Calcio * Evolution of Roman Haspartum * Rules set in 1580 where the rules are set today * 2 Teams * 27 Players Each * Ball is hit with hands and feet * Goal is called Caccia * Team with most cacce wins * If a team misses the other team gets 0.5 * Only 1v1 combat is allowed Other Italian Ball Games * Pallone Col Bracciale * Tamburello Equestrianism (Dressage) * Agility * Precision * Technique Palio di Siena * Goal is for the horse to pass the finish line * 3 lap horse race Topic 9. Baroque Historical Introduction * Absolute Monarchy * Everything is in the hands of the King * Wars between Catholics and Protestants * Scientific Revolution Reformation and Counter-Reformation Martin Luther * 95 Theses of everything wrong with Christianity * Recognition of the Bible as the only source of religious activity * Elimination of intermediaries that distract from the relationship with god, such as the worship of saints and virgins * Masses in the native language * Achieving eternal salvation through work and sacrifice, rather than purchasing pardons through corrupt practices * Followed by Netherlands, Switzerland and England * Division between Catholics and Protestants * Northern Europe (Protestants) * Sport is highly promoted  * Done by the noblemen inspiring the whole community * Sports betting * Records were started to be recorded and aimed to be beaten * Technique and tactics were starting to be perfected * Southern Europe (Catholics) * Leisurely activities were preferred * Dancing hunting etc. Main Features of Sports in Baroque * Sports for military training to social and cultural life * Practiced among the same social level * Construction of masculinity and femininity through physical education Physical Education in the 17th Century * Human beings are natural * Born without evil * Education will be more practical than theoretical * Social skills, political knowledge and physical education * Women started to participate in physical education Jan Amos Comenio (Positive) * Physical education = Sensory approach * Physical education benefits intellectual performance * Father of didactics * First to use illustrations in his books * Dualist John Locke (Positive) * Every human is a “blank slate” and experiences leave marks * Dualist * Recommended hard physical education instead of light and recreational Rene Descartes (Negative) * “I think, therefore I am” * Dualist * The body was a secondary component of the human being * Body is a machine * Idea of science based training using biomechanics and physics Thomas Hobbes (Negative) * Determinism * Control and repetition of exercise Sporting Activities of the 17th Century Costwold Games “Cotswold Olimpick Games” * Robert Dover * Gloucestershire * Hammer throwing might have came here * Stopped in 1660 Lacrosse * Native American Tribes * Great Lakes Region * Catharsis Game * 100 to 1000 participants * Rock or Tree as goal * Strengthening young warriors * Resolving disputes between tribal groups * First European contact 1630 in Canada Hurling * Gaelic sport from Ireland 1200BC * Chaotic, irregular and violent manner * 1602 was the first rules * 200 to 300 meter plains * Not passing forward * 1m stick called Hurley * Leather ball sliotar * 1 point for American football poles * 3 points for soccer goal Curling * Scottish 1620 * Created by the poor since it is very accessible * On frozen rivers * 17th century handles on rocks were added * All of the rocks were made from the west of Scotland still to this day Billards * (Look at slides) Pall-Mall * Precursor to croquet * The English Crown financed the construction of many gravel Pall-Mall courts increasing its popularity Fencing * Germany * Medieval tradition of strength and hardness * Two hands * Italy * Speed attack and defense * France * Closest to current * Elegant artistic * England * Self defense Golf * Caddies young people who gave advice and info * 18 hole design (number of whiskey shots) * More common on winter Topic 10. Enlightenment Historical Introduction * Absolute monarchy * Subtle changes in ideology * Intelligence is more important than wealth Enlightened Despotism “Everything for the people, but without the people” Physical Education in Enlightenment * Improvements in knowledge, reason, critical and scientific thinking aided in the transformation of physical education * Education was open to people in different backgrounds * Naturalism * Rousseau, Helvetius * Rationalism * Kant * Philanthropism * Naturalisim with well-defined curricula and educational objectives Jean-Jaques Rousseau * Natural Education * Natural development of children * Emile * Book about steps on education * 1st stage * Child is guided by their senses * Must remain in contact with nature * Intellectual instruction is avoided * 2nd stage5-12 * Child is allowed to explore * Learning through experience * 3rd stage 12-15 * Intellectual education * Reason and theoretical thinking  * 4th stage 15-20 * Moral education * Relationships and social life * 5th stage 20+ * Live in society * Religious instruction Claude Adrien Helvetius * Human beings are products of their environment * Education is important for behavior * All human beings are born with similar potential * Said that PE was widely ignored and disregarded among the aristocracy * Construction of specific spaces and exercise grounds Inmanuel Kant * Rationalist * Education to guide and discipline * Discipline and control over instincts and desires * Approach shouldn’t be oppressive but rather organic process Johann Bernhard Basedow * Philantrophist * Founded the Philantropinum School * Accepts children from all backgrounds * Physical education was an included course * Based on greek gymnastics * Richer students could practice fencing, horse riding and dancing Johann Friedrich Guts Muths * Philantrophist * Worked as a teacher * “Gymnastics for Youth” * Gymnastik * Inspired by Rousseau * Created multi-day camping expeditions * Highly planned exercises with pre-established objectives Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi * Inclusive education * Education for all * Hearing impaired * Underprivileged * Girls Boys * Incorporation of educational values Gaspar Melchor de Jovellanos The Origin of Sports Associations * The organization, regulation, and practice that would define the development of competitive and modern sport * Male dominant * Aristocracy * Sporting practice to increase social capital Boxing * Evolution of noble duel * Professional boxers (prizefighters) * Bare fists * Rings * Round system * Working class to the nobility * Sports promoters * James Figg * 270 matches and lost only one * Became a promoter later on * Greyhound Inn (his own ring) * Boxing school * Jack Broughton * Had a 35 minute fight and his opponent died after two days * He created new rules after this in Tottenham Court Yard Cricket * First ever regulated team sport in Europe * Marylebone Cricked Club (still exists today) * Women’s played one game Pedestrianism * Footmen: servants who ran after carriages to check if the road was clear * Footmen’s were raced between each other * Foster Powell (Bet) * Scottish Captain Robert Barclay (Bet) * 1000 pounds in 1000 hours