Remote Control Equipment Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary requirement of a power system operator when using SCADA data?

  • Data that provides historical analysis.
  • Data that is easy to understand and interpret.
  • Data that is available in multiple formats.
  • Data that alerts them to problems in real time. (correct)

    • What type of data presentation is crucial for the SCADA system according to user requirements?

  • A chronological hard copy of the data. (correct)
  • Data presented in multiple languages.
  • An interactive dashboard with user inputs.
  • Data visualizations with aesthetic appeal.

    • Which of the following data display types is NOT included in the visual category?

  • Strip chart recorders
  • Hooter (correct)
  • Mimic Diagram Board
  • VDUs

    • What is a significant factor when introducing a new system alongside an older one?

    <p>Power supply and cable routing concerns.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a user requirement for SCADA systems?

    <p>The ability to forecast future data trends.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which feature is essential for the SCADA data handling concerning bulk memory requirements?

    <p>Storage size for organized data presentation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common audible output used in SCADA systems to alert operators?

    <p>Hooters or bells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary method used for communication between the Master Station and the RTUs?

    <p>Time Division Multiplexing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum memory capacity provided for historical data storage in the SCADA system?

    <p>40 MB</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the event of a failure of one UPS, what happens to the load provided to the SCADA system?

    <p>The healthy UPS takes over the entire load</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What data does the RTU store between consecutive polling cycles?

    <p>Status changes of CBs, alarms, and motor-operated isolators</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of battery is provided with the UPS that supports the SCADA system?

    <p>Single battery with adequate Ah capacity for 2 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary function of supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems in electric utilities?

    <p>To provide real-time data and control capabilities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What environmental factor poses a challenge to SCADA system equipment in power stations?

    <p>Temperature fluctuations affecting stability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component directly interfaces with control station equipment in a SCADA system?

    <p>Remote Terminal Unit (RTU)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of protection is necessary for SCADA components used in outdoor installations?

    <p>Corrosion protection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic is crucial for the performance of measuring components in SCADA systems?

    <p>Good temperature stability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common problem in the electrical environment of a power station that can affect SCADA systems?

    <p>Electrical noise and transients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following features could enhance the reliability of SCADA system components?

    <p>Hermetically sealed components</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one method to minimize electrical noise interference in SCADA systems?

    <p>Implementing shielding and surge reduction practices</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In SCADA installations, what should be a fundamental design consideration?

    <p>Reliability, accuracy, and security</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one purpose of the Mimic Diagram Board (MDB) in the RCC?

    <p>To provide an overview of the traction power supply system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the 'Remote Station Defective' LED indicator signify?

    <p>There is a failure in the remote monitoring system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the SCADA software is correct?

    <p>It supports real-time monitoring and multi-tasking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can the VDU displays be accessed by an operator?

    <p>By simple keyboard operation with pre-defined options</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition does the 'UPS battery low' LED indicate?

    <p>Battery voltage is below 90% of nominal voltage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What functionality is highlighted for the VDU displays?

    <p>They support semi-graphic coloured displays for multiple functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What major change has occurred with the functionality of the Mimic Diagram Board?

    <p>Control operations are now done using keyboards instead of manual methods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the continuous scanning of RTUs at the master station achieve?

    <p>It ensures real-time updates of status, alarms, and events</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which indication is provided by the 'Standby UPS Failed' LED?

    <p>There is a failure in the standby UPS system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary intention mentioned regarding the Mimic Diagram Board?

    <p>To replace it entirely with VDU displays</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of status monitoring in power circuit breakers and similar devices?

    <p>To provide indication of operational status and changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are interposing relays often required when connecting monitored devices to RTUs?

    <p>Due to insufficient spare switch contacts and long distances.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a SCADA system, which of the following equipment is most commonly involved in supervisory control functions?

    <p>Reclosures, interruptors, and tap changing transformers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the RTU play in the control functions of the SCADA system?

    <p>It interfaces with the station control circuits but does not execute commands itself.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a critical consideration when designing the control interface for a SCADA system?

    <p>Security against false operations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factors dictate the configuration of communication systems in a SCADA setup?

    <p>Number of RTUs, points, update rates, and communication facilities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a party line communication configuration imply in a SCADA system?

    <p>The master station communicates through a shared channel with multiple RTUs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What must be provided for each RTU in a party line configuration?

    <p>A unique address</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of control output do RTUs generally provide in a SCADA system?

    <p>Momentary timed control output</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do status indications for monitored devices typically originate?

    <p>From mechanically actuated contacts of the devices</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key reason for using interposing relays in the connection between monitored devices and RTUs?

    <p>There are often not enough spare auxiliary switch contacts available.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of control functions are typically incorporated into SCADA systems?

    <p>Control for voltage regulators and tap changing transformers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'party line one-on-a-few configuration' refer to in a SCADA communication setup?

    <p>A shared communication channel among multiple RTUs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a critical aspect of the control interface design for SCADA systems?

    <p>Ensuring robustness from false operation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor influences the number of points at RTUs in a communication configuration?

    <p>The update rates desired for data transmission.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the BCH security code in the message termination field?

    <p>To detect message errors during transmission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many bits are allocated for the function code in the information field?

    <p>8 bits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant limitation of RTUs in executing controls within a SCADA system?

    <p>RTUs cannot execute controls directly from their logic level.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of status monitoring, what is a primary function of the status change memory?

    <p>To document the sequence of events during status changes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the remote to master check back message verify?

    <p>The correctness of the control selection interpretation by the RTU</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What purpose does the select before operate sequence serve in master to remote data transfer?

    <p>To reduce the chances of operating the wrong device</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is typically represented by the 24 bits of data transmitted along with the RTU address and function code?

    <p>Two 12-bit analog values or 24 device statuses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant disadvantage of using optical fiber communication?

    <p>It requires more repeaters compared to metallic cables.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following communication methods allows simultaneous bidirectional transmission?

    <p>Full-duplex transmission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of connector is required for optical fibers, which adds to installation complexity?

    <p>Specialized fiber optic connectors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be considered an advantage of using fiber optic communication over metallic cables?

    <p>Immunity to lightning strikes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which modulation technique involves altering the amplitude of the signal?

    <p>Amplitude Modulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is necessary to convert electrical signals into light for optical fiber communication?

    <p>Transmitters and receivers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is correct concerning the bandwidth capabilities of fiber optics?

    <p>Fiber optics can support a wider range of bandwidth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In communication, what is the role of a demodulator?

    <p>To detect changes in the signal for information retrieval</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might short run optical fiber cables not be cost-effective?

    <p>They incur additional costs from transmitters and receivers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key characteristic of Frequency Division Multiplexing?

    <p>Each piece of information uses a unique frequency band.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the rate of data transmission measured?

    <p>In bits per second or baud</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What must be done to maintain synchronization in Asynchronous modems?

    <p>Divide the message into small blocks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary advantage of Synchronous modems over Asynchronous modems?

    <p>Ability to handle very long messages and high data rates.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which formula correctly calculates bits per second from baud?

    <p>Bits/seconds = Baud x bits/baud</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum data rate typically achievable by most Asynchronous modems?

    <p>1800 bps</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about Baud rate is accurate?

    <p>Baud rate is the reciprocal of the length of the shortest signaling element in seconds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a disadvantage of using Frequency Division Multiplexing in large systems?

    <p>It necessitates a large number of additional channels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a communication channel, what role does the demultiplexer play?

    <p>It separates the multiplexed signals into individual pieces.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of the message establishment component in a communication message?

    <p>To select the correct message among many</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is efficiency of a communication message defined?

    <p>Information bits transmitted divided by total bits transmitted</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which components are essential for ensuring message security during transmission?

    <p>Error detection codes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a communication message format, what does the information part entail?

    <p>Encoded data for the receiver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of check bits in message termination?

    <p>They ensure messages are accepted based on comparisons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect is NOT included in the flexibility of message transmission?

    <p>Error detection capabilities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the M component in the message format likely refer to?

    <p>Message code section</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is simplicity in the design of hardware and software important for message implementation?

    <p>It ensures faster processing speeds and reliability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does noise play in the context of message security?

    <p>It can create errors that are detectable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In terms of message parts, what does the term 'message termination' refer to?

    <p>Closing the communication session</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Remote Control Equipment

    • A Remote Control Centre (RCC) is established near the traffic control office for electric traction systems. It includes the main control room, equipment room, UPS room, remote control laboratory, and battery room.
    • The FMVFT equipment (stronger type) was used for electrification schemes before 1980 and was a relay-based system. This technology has become outdated.
    • SCADA equipment, using state-of-the-art technology, has become common after 1980. SCADA systems offer enhanced capabilities and are updated with new features frequently.
    • Supervisory Control is a form of remote control using electrical means over multiple communication channels to selectively control remote units. Most basic applications involve controlling a single distribution feeder, while complex applications (SCADA systems) control generation, transmission, and distribution over large areas from a central location.
    • Remote control and supervisory systems were developed between 1900-1920s. Some systems detected and reported status changes at remote locations (e.g., John Harlow's 1921 system). Others used "check-before-operation" methods (e.g., 1923 John Bellamy and Rodney Richardson).
    • Logging systems originated in 1927 and printed status changes along with timestamps. Early systems used electromechanical components.
    • Supervisory control is used in the Electric Power industry, ranging from basic feeder control to large-scale systems controlling all aspects of generation, transmission, and distribution.
    • Examples of users of SCADA data include operators for system control, maintenance personnel for equipment upkeep, management for decision-making, and systems designers.
    • Operators need data quickly to address problems, while other users require data for analysis and system improvements.
    • System designers require data for system operations and post-mortem analyses.

    SCADA Equipment

    • The master station is the SCADA equipment at the RCC (Remote Control Centre), while remote terminal units (RTUs) are the equipment at controlled locations.
    • Underground telecommunication cables are often used for transmitting signals between the master station and RTUs to maintain communication.
    • Isolating transformers are used at 10-15km intervals of the cable to limit voltage buildup due to traction and ensure the cable circuit is intact.
    • Repeater stations are used at intervals of 40-50 km to boost signals.
    • Optical fibre cables are used increasingly, replacing traditional copper cables.
    • Microwave communication is used in some sections of railways.

    SCADA System Design

    • Master stations used dual processor systems, each as a primary or backup.
    • Operator workstations have two VDUs, one primary and one backup.

    SCADA Software

    • The SCADA software uses a multi-user, multi-tasking operating system.
    • Visual display units (VDUs) provide several functions like showing alarms, events, issuing commands, viewing data and more.
    • Master station scans continuously, updates RTUs' information (state).

    Transmission and Communication

    • Information transmission uses digital address time division multiplexing.
    • Modems use frequency shift keying (FSK) modulation.
    • Communication protocols use multiplexing and separate timing for different pieces of data, ensuring speed in data transmission.
    • The basic modes of communication are simplex, half-duplex, and full-duplex.
    • There are two types of message formats, asynchronous and synchronous, based on timings.
    • Different types of messages exist based on types of operations, such as master-to-remote, remote-to-master, and acknowledgements.

    Maintenance and Operations

    • Duties of the Chief Train Controller Officer (CTFO), including maintaining the equipment schedules and keeping up-to-date on maintenance and operations with the System Technical Department (S&T).
    • Proper maintenance of the UPS power systems, to ensure uninterrupted operation of the equipment.
    • Investigation of failures is crucial for analysis, correction, and prevention of recurrence.
    • Maintenance schedules are crucial to ensure that equipment problems are detected and fixed on time.

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    Related Documents

    Power Supply Installation PDF

    Description

    Explore the evolution and components of remote control systems used in electric traction. This quiz covers the transition from older FMVFT systems to modern SCADA technology and supervisory control mechanisms. Test your understanding of the infrastructure that supports these systems.

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