Remote Control Equipment in Traffic Systems
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary purpose of a Remote Control Centre (RCC)?

  • To work in close liaison with traffic control. (correct)
  • To store electric traction equipment.
  • To monitor signal strength in remote areas.
  • To provide maintenance facilities for traction systems.

What type of equipment was primarily used before 1980 for Remote Control Centres?

  • Analog communication systems.
  • Frequency Modulated Voice Frequency Telegraph (FMVFT) equipment. (correct)
  • Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition (SCADA) systems.
  • Computer-based control systems.

What are the characteristics of the transmission path used in FMVFT equipment?

  • It uses wireless technology for signals.
  • It utilizes optical fiber for processing signals.
  • It consists of single core cables for better efficiency.
  • It employs star quads with an attenuation of about 0.3 dB/km. (correct)

What function do isolating transformers serve in the cable circuits?

<p>To limit the longitudinal induced voltage. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the VF repeaters used in the FMVFT equipment?

<p>To amplify the control signals to counteract line losses. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is the maximum gain of the repeater adjusted?

<p>Based on the distance from the RCC or controlled post. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What ratio do impedance matching transformers operate on in the communication setup?

<p>1120:1120 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum normal polling time for updating status in a system controlling 20 stations?

<p>4 seconds (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What modulation technique do the modems utilize for communication between the master station and the RTUs?

<p>Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the Mimic Diagram Board (MDB) in the SCADA system?

<p>To provide an overall view of the traction power supply system (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the output signal level of the modems adjustable between?

<p>0 and -30 dBm (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What additional feature of SCADA equipment allows control at boundary posts?

<p>Interlock release request facility (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following annunciations is NOT indicated by a LED on the MDB?

<p>Remote Station Defective (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What features does the SCADA software provide?

<p>Multi-user, multi-tasking, net working and real time applications (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the required positioning for the RCC when controlling more than 30 stations?

<p>In the middle of the electrified section (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is historical data stored in the SCADA system?

<p>For a period of one year (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What method does the master station use to communicate with RTUs?

<p>Time Division Multiplexing (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a feature of the application software for the VDU displays?

<p>Supports versatile semi-graphic colored displays (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the parity check bits in the data exchange process?

<p>To detect transmission errors (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component is phased out in the transition from conventional systems to SCADA?

<p>Mimic Diagram Board (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the operator use to call any of the VDU displays?

<p>Simple keyboard operation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of systems does the SCADA system cater to?

<p>Historical data on all alarms/events/measurands (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the memory capacity provided for the feeder system?

<p>To store feeder current and voltage data (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens in the event of a failure of one UPS in the Dual Stand-alone UPS System?

<p>The healthy UPS takes over the entire load (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of storing changes in the status of CBS/interruptors in the RTU?

<p>To eliminate loss in reporting due to failures (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the battery capacity provided with the UPS?

<p>It has adequate Ah capacity for 2 hours of supply during input failure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of modules are included in the Remote Terminal Unit (RTU)?

<p>Digital input/output modules and alarm input modules (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many controlled stations are designed for telecommands in a typical TSS system?

<p>64 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs if there is an outage of both UPS systems at the same time?

<p>Load is directly connected to input mains through a static switch (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum number of telesignals designed for a typical SP station?

<p>12 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which protective relays are tracked by the RTU in its operations?

<p>OCR, DPR, and WPC (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of surge arresters in the RTU system?

<p>To protect against voltage spikes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the isolating transformers in the SCADA system?

<p>To limit induced voltage from 25 kV traction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How frequently are voice frequency repeaters installed along the communication path?

<p>Every 40-50 km (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the transmission path between the Remote Terminal Units and the RCC?

<p>Using underground telecommunication trunk cable (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the impedance ratio of the isolating transformers used in the SCADA system?

<p>1120:1120 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of cable has been introduced for communication in some sections of Indian Railways?

<p>Optical fiber cable (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical amplifier gain at the repeater stations in the SCADA system?

<p>20 dB (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a critical feature of the switching station earthing in the SCADA system?

<p>It is kept separate and distinct from other systems (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the spare conductor pair within the underground trunk cable?

<p>As a backup for failure conditions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What frequency is used for the dedicated microwave channel provided in certain sections?

<p>18 GHz (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the minimum gain provided by the amplifier in the modem to compensate for signal variation?

<p>30 dB (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In terms of polling time, what is the maximum allowed when controlling 30 stations?

<p>6 seconds (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following features allows automatic handling of faults in the SCADA system?

<p>Automatic localization of fault (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what input signal level does the modem function satisfactorily?

<p>-45 dBm (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum time for status update polling when controlling 20 stations?

<p>4 seconds (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What technology has been predominantly adopted for Remote Control Centres after 1980?

<p>Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition (SCADA) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the attenuation rate of the underground cable circuits used in FMVFT equipment?

<p>0.3 dB/km (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the isolating transformer limit in the cable circuits used by the FMVFT equipment?

<p>Build up of longitudinal induced voltage (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum gain that the VF repeaters can provide in the FMVFT equipment?

<p>20 dB (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distance intervals are isolating transformers provided in the underground cable circuits?

<p>10 to 15 km (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do the impedance matching transformers play in FMVFT equipment?

<p>To match communication cable impedance (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of equipment continues to operate in some Remote Control Centres despite being outdated?

<p>Frequency Modulated Voice Frequency Telegraph (FMVFT) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of isolating transformers in the communication system?

<p>To limit the build-up of longitudinal induced voltage (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the distance interval at which repeater stations are typically installed?

<p>40-50 km (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes the function of microwave communication on Indian Railways?

<p>It uses a frequency of 18 GHz for dedicated communication (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the impedance ratio of the isolating transformers used in the SCADA system?

<p>1120:1120 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of cable is used for transmitting signals from the RCC to the RTUs?

<p>Underground telecommunication trunk cable (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What protective feature is implemented if the lead length for communication is long?

<p>Surge arresters inside the equipment room (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for keeping the switching station earthing separate from other earthing systems?

<p>To prevent induction effects from 25 kV traction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of communication system was introduced on Indian Railways in some sections apart from microwave channels?

<p>Optical fiber communication (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the spare conductor pair within the underground trunk cable?

<p>For future expansions or additional connections (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum capacity of the memory provided for the average feeder data storage?

<p>40 MB (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the case of a total UPS outage, how is the SCADA system powered?

<p>Directly connected to input mains via a static switch (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the watchdog transducers in the Remote Terminal Unit?

<p>To oversee the operational status of connected devices (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What parameter indicates the maximum operational ability of the SCADA equipment at a typical TSS?

<p>Number of controlled stations (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the RTU ensure that no event is lost before reporting to the master station?

<p>By storing changes until the next polling (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which components are directly connected to provide emergency power to various equipment during power failures?

<p>Input mains through a static switch (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which specific relays are monitored by the RTU in its operations?

<p>Overcurrent, differential, and protective relays (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the designed capacity of telecommands for a typical SP station in the SCADA system?

<p>12 telecommands (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the operational features of the Dual Stand-alone UPS System?

<p>Load sharing is facilitated by synchronous operation of both UPS (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the battery connected to the UPS during power supply failure?

<p>Maintains supply to essential SCADA components for 2 hours (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What ensures the automatic takeover of control in case of failure of one computer system at the master station?

<p>The hot standby system (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which feature allows the transfer of functions from one workstation to another in case of a complete outage?

<p>Dual operator workstations (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the mimic diagram board (MDB) at the Remote Control Centre?

<p>To depict the status of traction power supply (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of storage is provided for the data logs within the master station equipment?

<p>Hard and floppy disk drives (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is the health of the master station computer systems monitored?

<p>Watch dog timers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What configuration allows for simultaneous operations at each workstation in the RCC?

<p>Dual semi-graphic VDUs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What functions do the functional keys on the RCC workstations serve?

<p>Repeated operations for efficiency (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of having two data-logging printers connected to the same online computer system?

<p>To allow redundancy in case one fails (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component controls the traffic information displayed to the operators at the RCC?

<p>VDUs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is indicated by the mimic diagram board regarding the traction power supply?

<p>Status of energize/de-energize conditions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Remote Control Centre (RCC)

A control center near the Traffic Control Office, for electric traction control, working in coordination with traffic control.

Frequency Modulated Voice Frequency Telegraph (FMVFT)

An outdated relay-based system for supervisory control using voice frequency signals.

Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition (SCADA)

Advanced system for supervisory control using microprocessor or computer-based equipment.

Transmission Path (FMVFT)

Underground cable circuits for transmitting control signals in FMVFT system. They use star quads.

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VF repeaters

Devices to compensate for signal loss in long cable runs in FMVFT system.

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Impedance Matching Transformers

Used to match the impedance levels when connecting communication cables to RCC or Controlled posts in the FMVFT system.

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Line losses

Signal attenuation along the transmission path in the FMVFT system.

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SCADA Master Station

The central control station for a Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) system in a railway.

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Remote Terminal Unit (RTU)

A SCADA device located at a controlled location (like a railway signal), collecting and transmitting data to the master station.

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Telecommunication Trunk Cable

Underground cable that transmits signals between the control station and remote units in a railway SCADA system.

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Isolating Transformers

Transformers placed on the cable circuit to limit induced voltage from traction systems, protecting equipment from interference.

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Repeater Stations

Equipment placed along the transmission line to amplify and improve the quality of signals and make up for line attenuation.

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Microwave Communication

A communication method using radio waves at high frequencies to connect remote locations in a railway SCADA system.

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Optical Fiber Cable

A communication cable that transmits data using light pulses (optical signals), ensuring high-speed data transmission for railway systems.

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Mimic Diagram Board (MDB)

A visual representation of the traction power supply system used in train control systems. It provides an overview, but control is managed from keyboards.

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SCADA System

Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition system for controlling and monitoring the traction power supply system in train control.

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VDU Display

Visual display units (monitors) used to interact with and view data about the traction power supply system in train control systems.

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Annunciations

Visual alerts, typically LEDs on boards, indicating different system status conditions (e.g., system ON/OFF, malfunctions, battery levels).

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Master Station & RTU

A master station continuously updates the status of remote devices (RTUs), while information exchange is based on interrogation and reply.

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Historical Data Storage

System storing one year's worth of alarms, events, and measurements from controlled stations and the entire system for analysis.

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Digital Address Time Division Multiplexing

A communication technique used for data exchange between train control systems that utilizes digital addresses and time division multiplexing.

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Transmission Protocol

A set of rules defining how information is transmitted

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Day-wise storage

Storing average feeder current, voltage, maximum demand, feeder voltage extremes, relay operations (OCR, DPR, WPC), circuit breaker (CB) trappings, and overhead line (OHE) voltage on the 25kV side each day.

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UPS Capacity

Two independent UPS systems provide 240V 50Hz single-phase power for the SCADA master station, working in parallel. One unit can handle the entire load in case of a failure.

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Remote Terminal Unit (RTU)

A microprocessor-based unit with I/O modules, alarm inputs, analog inputs, watchdog transducers, memory, relays, current transformers, and power supply, used for SCADA.

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Event Storage

The RTU stores changes in the status of circuit breakers, isolators, and alarms between polling cycles, preventing data loss due to communication interruptions.

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SCADA Equipment Capacity

The SCADA system is structured to handle telecommands, telesignals, and telemetered parameters, specifically designed for a typical Transmission Substation (TSS), Substation (SP), and Substation (SSP) of a double-line section, but with different numbers for each type of substation.

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Controlled Stations (TSS, SP, SSPS)

Stations controlled from the RCC (Remote Control Centre) as needed for the section.

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Transmission Speed (Baud)

The speed of communication between the master station and RTUs (Remote Terminal Units), limited to 600 baud.

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Polling Time (Update)

The time it takes to update status, alarms, and measurements for controlled stations, max 4 seconds for 20 stations and max 6 seconds for 30 stations.

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RCC Location (Controlled Stations > 30)

The RCC should be centrally located in the electrified section when the number of controlled stations exceeds 30 for faster scanning and update time.

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Modem Function (FSK)

A modem using FSK (Frequency Shift Keying) modulation for communication, with independent send/receive programming.

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Modem Input Signal Level

Modems work effectively up to -45 dBm input signal level.

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Modem Amplifier Gain

Modems incorporate amplifiers with a minimum gain of 30 dB for signal compensation.

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SCADA Equipment Features (Tripping)

SCADA equipment includes features like tripping bridging interrupters during low voltage at SP in extended feed scenarios.

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SCADA Equipment Features (Interlocking)

Interlock release features are added for circuit breakers and interruptors at boundary posts, see RDSO letter No. ETI/PSI/RC/SPEC.19 dated 10.3.1989 for guidelines.

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SCADA Equipment Features (Capacitor)

Control and monitoring of shunt capacitor banks are included to manage power factor.

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SCADA Equipment Features (Fault Isolation)

SCADA systems can automatically locate faults on overhead lines (OHE) and isolate faulty sub-sectors.

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Remote Control Centre (RCC)

A control center near the traffic control office for electric traction control.

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Master Station

The central control station in a SCADA system, responsible for monitoring and controlling remote locations.

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Remote Terminal Unit (RTU)

A device at a controlled location (such as a railway signal) that collects data and sends it to the master station.

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FMVFT

Outdated relay-based system for supervisory control using voice frequency signals.

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SCADA

Advanced supervisory control system using microprocessor or computer-based equipment.

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Telecommunication Trunk Cable

Underground cable that transmits signals between the control station and remote units.

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Isolating Transformers

Transformers placed on the cable to protect equipment from induced voltage from traction systems.

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Transmission Path (FMVFT)

Underground cable circuits for transmitting control signals in FMVFT system.

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VF Repeaters

Devices to compensate for signal loss in long cable runs in FMVFT system.

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Repeater Stations

Equipment along the transmission line to boost and improve signal quality.

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Impedance Matching Transformers

Used to match impedance levels for connecting communication cables.

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Microwave Communication

Communication using radio waves for long-distance data transmission.

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Line Losses

Signal attenuation along the transmission path in the FMVFT system.

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Optical Fiber Cable

Uses light pulses to transmit data quickly.

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Isolating Transformers

Transformers to limit induced voltage from traction on cable circuits.

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Repeater Stations

Equipment for amplifying and improving signal quality in transmission lines.

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Daily Storage

Storing average feeder current, voltage, maximum demand, feeder voltage extremes, relay operations (OCR, DPR, WPC), circuit breaker (CB) trappings, and overhead line (OHE) voltage data on the 25kV side for each day.

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UPS Capacity

Two independent UPS systems providing 240V 50Hz single-phase power for the SCADA master station, working in parallel. One unit can handle the entire load in case of failure.

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RTU (Remote Terminal Unit)

A microprocessor-based unit with I/O modules, alarm inputs, analog inputs, watchdog transducers, memory, relays, current transformers, and power supply, used for SCADA.

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Event Storage

The RTU stores changes in the status of circuit breakers, isolators, and alarms between polling cycles, preventing data loss due to communication interruptions.

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SCADA Equipment Capacity

The SCADA system is structured to handle telecommands, telesignals, and telemetered parameters, specifically designed for a typical Transmission Substation (TSS), Substation (SP), and Substation (SSP) of a double-line section, but with different numbers for each type of substation.

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Master Station Equipment

A dual micro/mini-computer system (one main, one backup) handling communication with RTUs (Remote Terminal Units), the man-machine interface, and data network.

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RCC Workstations

Two workstations, each with two VDUs (Visual Display Units) and a keyboard, for operator control and data input.

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Mimic Diagram Board (MDB)

A visual display of the traction power system, showing the status of sub-sectors, interruptors, and circuit breakers.

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VDU Standby

One VDU is active, the other as backup. Both can be used simultaneously, with one for diagrams and the other for data display.

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Computer Backup System

A hot standby system takes over automatically if the main computer fails.

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Data Logging Printers

Two printers, one active and one standby, connected to the computer system for data logging.

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Workstation Redundancy

In case of workstation failure, all functions will be transferred to the healthy workstation for operational continuity.

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Number of Controlled Stations (TSS, SP, SSPS)

The amount of controlled stations (TSS, SP, SSPS) managed from the RCC (Remote Control Centre) is determined by the section's requirements.

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Transmission Speed (Baud)

The speed of data transfer between the master station and Remote Terminal Units (RTUs), not exceeding 600 baud.

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Polling Time (Update)

Time to update status, alarms, and measurements from controlled stations. Takes up to max 4 seconds for 20 and up to max 6 seconds for 30 controlled stations.

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RCC Location (Controlled Stations > 30)

When controlling more than 30 stations, place the RCC centrally within the electrified area for optimal scanning and minimal update times.

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Modem Function (FSK)

The modem uses Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) modulation for communication between the master station and RTUs, with independent send/receive programming.

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Modem Input Signal Level

The modem operates effectively with input signals up to -45 dBm.

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Modem Amplifier Gain

The modem includes an amplifier with a minimum gain of 30 dB to compensate for signal variations across the system.

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SCADA Equipment Features (Tripping)

SCADA equipment can trip bridging interrupters for low voltage conditions in situations with extended feed.

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SCADA Equipment Features (Interlocking)

The system includes interlock release features for controlling circuit breakers/interruptors at boundaries. Refer to RDSO letter No. ETI/PSI/RC/SPEC.19 dated 10.3.1989 for details.

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SCADA Equipment Features (Capacitor)

The system controls and monitors shunt capacitor banks to regulate power factor.

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SCADA Equipment Features (Fault Isolation)

The system can automatically locate faults on overhead lines (OHE) and isolate faulty sub-sectors.

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Study Notes

Remote Control Equipment

  • Remote Control Centres (RCCs) are located near traffic control offices for electric traction divisions
  • RCCs consist of a main control room, equipment room, UPS room, remote control lab, and battery room
  • Types of equipment include Frequency Modulated Voice Frequency Telegraph (FMVFT), Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) systems
  • FMVFT equipment, a relay system, was prevalent before 1980, but is now outdated
  • SCADA equipment, using state-of-the-art technology, became popular after 1980
  • Transmission paths use underground cable circuits for voice frequency (VF) operation
  • Cable circuits have star quads with 0.3 dB/km attenuation, isolators every 10-15 km, VF repeaters every 30-50 km for signal amplification
  • Impedance matching transformers (1120:1120 ratio) are used at connection points to the RCC or controlled posts
  • Surge arresters protect circuits at cable termination points
  • Three pairs of conductors are used for telecommand signals (RCC to posts), telesignals (posts to RCC) and a spare pair
  • Control switching equipment includes pulse generator, send/receive selector circuits, check circuit, and indication circuit
  • Mimic diagram board in the RCC shows control points via discrepancy switches for remote control
  • Mimic diagram includes represented tracks, switches, and displays for various faults

FMVFT Equipment

  • Control and indication signals are transmitted using 420-2460 Hz voice frequency channels (50 baud)
  • 18 channels are available, separated by 120 Hz
  • Frequency modulation is used, with transmitter modulating channel frequencies by ±30Hz
  • Transmission level has 22 dB loss over a 1120-ohm line
  • Receiving levels range from -22 dB to -30 dB
  • If more stations than 18 are controlled, redundant channel pairs are needed for telesignal purposes

Controlled Post Equipment

  • Equipment is housed in one cabinet
  • Send and receive channel panels are used, the panels are plug-in type except the termination panel
  • Equipment operates on 24 V DC battery supply
  • Amplifier and attenuation pads are used for level adjustment

SCADA Equipment

  • The master station for SCADA is located at the RCC
  • The controlled station equipment is the remote terminal unit (RTU)
  • Telecommunication trunk cable is used to transmit signals to RCC and RTUs
  • Communication cables contain three pairs: one for sending, one for receiving and one spare
  • Isolating transformers are placed every 10-15 km to prevent induced voltage
  • Cable taps in RCC and controlled stations terminate at a terminal board

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Remote Control Equipment PDF

Description

Explore the essential components and technologies used in Remote Control Centres (RCCs) for electric traction divisions. This quiz covers the evolution of equipment like FMVFT and SCADA systems, as well as the technical specifications and protective measures in place for effective communication and operation.

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