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Questions and Answers
If a parent stops nagging their child once the child starts cleaning their room, and this leads to the child cleaning more often to avoid the nagging, what type of reinforcement is this an example of?
If a parent stops nagging their child once the child starts cleaning their room, and this leads to the child cleaning more often to avoid the nagging, what type of reinforcement is this an example of?
- Negative Punishment
- Positive Reinforcement
- Negative Reinforcement (correct)
- Positive Punishment
Which of the following scenarios best illustrates positive reinforcement?
Which of the following scenarios best illustrates positive reinforcement?
- A driver's insurance rates increase after receiving a speeding ticket.
- A child loses screen time for failing to complete their homework.
- A dog receives a treat every time it successfully performs a new trick. (correct)
- A student is exempted from a pop quiz because they have perfect attendance.
In operant conditioning, what is the primary difference between reinforcement and punishment?
In operant conditioning, what is the primary difference between reinforcement and punishment?
- Reinforcement always involves a physical reward, while punishment involves a physical penalty.
- Reinforcement is used for training animals, while punishment is used for shaping human behavior.
- Reinforcement is accidental, while punishment is intentional.
- Reinforcement increases the likelihood of a behavior, while punishment decreases it. (correct)
A teenager is assigned extra chores for staying out past curfew. In the context of operant conditioning, this is an example of:
A teenager is assigned extra chores for staying out past curfew. In the context of operant conditioning, this is an example of:
How does negative punishment differ from negative reinforcement?
How does negative punishment differ from negative reinforcement?
A student consistently forgets to bring their textbook to class, so the teacher starts deducting points from their grade each time they arrive without the book. What type of operant conditioning is the teacher using?
A student consistently forgets to bring their textbook to class, so the teacher starts deducting points from their grade each time they arrive without the book. What type of operant conditioning is the teacher using?
Why is reinforcement often considered more effective than punishment in promoting long-term learning?
Why is reinforcement often considered more effective than punishment in promoting long-term learning?
Which of the following scenarios involves the removal of a stimulus?
Which of the following scenarios involves the removal of a stimulus?
Which statement accurately differentiates how 'positive' and 'negative' are used in the context of reinforcement and punishment?
Which statement accurately differentiates how 'positive' and 'negative' are used in the context of reinforcement and punishment?
Why might scolding a child for running into a busy street be considered less effective than other methods of behavior modification?
Why might scolding a child for running into a busy street be considered less effective than other methods of behavior modification?
Flashcards
Reinforcer
Reinforcer
A stimulus or event that increases the likelihood of a behavior that led to it.
Punisher
Punisher
A stimulus or event that decreases the likelihood of the behavior that led to it.
Positive Punishment
Positive Punishment
Administering something that decreases the likelihood of a behavior.
Negative Punishment
Negative Punishment
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Positive Reinforcement
Positive Reinforcement
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Negative Reinforcement
Negative Reinforcement
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Study Notes
Negative Reinforcement vs. Punishment
- Negative reinforcement and punishment might initially seem alike.
- Both sound like they should be "bad."
- Negative reinforcement does not administer something that decreases behaviour likelihood.
- Instead, negative reinforcement entails removing something, which increases likelihood of behaviour.
- New parents are highly trainable when they quickly repeat behaviours like bouncing/swinging their babies.
- Babies are positively reinforced by smiling/cooing or negatively reinforced by stopping crying.
- Reinforcement feedback from the baby encourages the parents' behaviours.
Effectiveness of Reinforcement
- Reinforcement is more effective than punishment in promoting learning.
- Punishment signals that unacceptable behaviour has occurred.
- Punishment doesn't specify what should be done instead.
- Scolding a child for running into a street stops the action but does not offer any learning about desired behaviour.
Positive and Negative in Reinforcement
- Skinner used the term "positive" for situations where a stimulus was presented.
- He used "negative" for situations where a stimulus was removed.
- As shown in Table 7.1 there is positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, positive punishment, and negative punishment.
- Positive reinforcement is when a stimulus is presented, thus increasing the likelihood of a behaviour.
- Negative reinforcement is when a stimulus is removed, thus increasing the likelihood of a behaviour.
- Positive punishment is when a stimulus is administered, thus reducing the likelihood of a behaviour.
- Negative punishment is when a stimulus is removed, thus decreasing the likelihood of a behaviour.
- The words positive and negative mean adding something or taking something away respectively, independent of "good" or "bad" connotations.
Characterizing Reinforcement and Punishment
- Skinner's approach focused on reinforcement & punishment.
- These terms have commonsense connotations but can be difficult to define precisely.
- A reinforcer is any stimulus/event that increases the likelihood of a behaviour.
- A punisher is any stimulus/event that decreases the likelihood of a behaviour.
- Whether a stimulus acts as a reinforcer/punisher depends on whether it increases/decreases a behaviour's likelihood.
- Presenting food is reinforcing, increasing the behaviour.
- Removing food is punishing, decreasing behaviour.
- Turning on an electric shock is punishing, decreasing the behaviour.
- Turning it off is rewarding, increasing behaviour.
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