Reinforcement Theory Quiz
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Questions and Answers

In a fixed ratio 10 (FR 10) schedule, how many lever presses are required for the rat to obtain a food?

  • 15
  • 10 (correct)
  • 5
  • 20

    • What type of reinforcement schedule is characterized by reinforcement contingent upon a fixed, predictable number of responses?

  • Fixed Interval (FI)
  • Variable Interval (VI)
  • Variable Ratio (VR)
  • Fixed Ratio (FR) (correct)

    • What type of reinforcement schedule is characterized by reinforcement after an unpredictable number of responses?

  • Fixed Interval (FI)
  • Variable Ratio (VR) (correct)
  • Fixed Ratio (FR)
  • Variable Interval (VI)

    • What behavior is on a continuous reinforcement schedule according to the given text?

    <p>Flicking the light switch and the light comes on each time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the Premack principle, which behavior can be used as a reinforcer if access to the behavior is restricted so that its frequency falls below its baseline rate?

    <p>The behavior with a higher probability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the Premack principle, what is the important aspect in determining if a behavior can be used as a reinforcer for another behavior?

    <p>Frequency of one behavior relative to its baseline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If a rat is deprived of its preferred level of running on a wheel, what is it likely to do according to the Premack principle?

    <p>Press a lever to obtain additional time on the wheel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a contingency where Kaily must watch 4.5 hours of television each day in order to have access to her comic books, why is this likely to be an ineffective contingency according to the Premack principle?

    <p>Watching television is a higher probability behavior for Kaily than reading comic books</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Premack principle, what is important in determining whether one behavior can be used as a reinforcer for another?

    <p>Frequency of one behavior relative to another</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of motivation is drive reduction related to?

    <p>Satisfying a biological need</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does incentive motivation focus on?

    <p>Attractiveness of the reward</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When can a behavior be used as a reinforcer based on Allison & Timberlake's perspective?

    <p>If access to the behavior is restricted below its baseline rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does deprivation of a behavior lead to, according to Allison & Timberlake's perspective?

    <p>Increased willingness to engage in that behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect does Allison & Timberlake consider important in determining if one behavior can reinforce another?

    <p>Frequency of one behavior relative to its baseline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Premack principle based on?

    <p>The idea that a higher probability behavior can be used as a reinforcer for a lower probability behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the erosion effect refer to?

    <p>The decrease in the effectiveness of a reinforcer after extensive use</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is incentive motivation related to?

    <p>The attractiveness of the reward itself</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the text, what may make a stimulus a reinforcer?

    <p>Inducing a drive and then allowing the organism to reduce it</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are reinforcers defined in the text?

    <p>Behaviors rather than stimuli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does drive induction refer to according to the text?

    <p>Where a stimulus induces a drive without any reduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is reinforcement associated with according to the text?

    <p>Reduction in physiological drive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is important for applying the Premack principle effectively according to the text?

    <p>Determining free-choice preference rates accurately</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What could be an example where reinforcement does not appear linked to any type of drive reduction according to the text?

    <p>A rat pressing a lever for access to a running wheel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the text, what could make a stimulus a reinforcer?

    <p>Inducing a drive and then allowing the organism to reduce it.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example provided in the text where reinforcement does not appear linked to any type of drive reduction?

    <p>A rat pressing a lever for access to a running wheel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of reinforcement schedule is characterized by reinforcement after an unpredictable number of responses?

    <p>Variable Ratio (VR)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Premack principle suggest?

    <p>A more preferred response reinforces a less preferred response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to drive reduction theory, what motivates behavior?

    <p>Reduction in physiological drives</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes a Fixed Interval (FI) reinforcement schedule?

    <p>&quot;Scalloped&quot; pattern of responding with postreinforcement pause</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the response deprivation hypothesis suggest?

    <p>Responses are more likely to occur when deprived for an extended period of time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the reinforcer largely contingent upon in interval schedules?

    <p>Time until the next reinforcer is obtained</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theory suggests that behavior is motivated by an increase in drives?

    <p>Sheffield's drive induction theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of reinforcement schedule produces a moderate, steady rate of response with little or no postreinforcement pause?

    <p>Variable Interval (VI)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the Premack principle, what can be used to reinforce a less preferred response?

    <p>A more preferred response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does food deprivation produce according to the text?

    <p>A hunger drive that motivates an animal to seek out food</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of reinforcement schedule leads to longer pauses as more responses are required for reinforcement?

    <p>Variable Ratio (VR)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes a Fixed Ratio (FR) reinforcement schedule?

    <p>Reinforcement is contingent upon a fixed, predictable number of responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of reinforcement schedule leads to longer pauses as more responses are required for reinforcement?

    <p>Fixed Ratio (FR)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Premack principle suggest about using one behavior to reinforce another?

    <p>Access to the behavior should be restricted so that its frequency falls below its baseline rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes a Variable Interval (VI) reinforcement schedule?

    <p>Reinforcement is contingent upon an unpredictable amount of time passing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of reinforcement schedule is contingent upon an unpredictable number of responses and produces a high and steady rate of response with little or no postreinforcement pause?

    <p>Variable Ratio (VR) reinforcement schedule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theory suggests that behavior is motivated by an increase in drives?

    <p>Sheffield's drive induction theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Premack principle suggest about using one behavior to reinforce another?

    <p>A more preferred response can be used to reinforce a less preferred response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is reinforcement largely contingent upon in ratio schedules?

    <p>$n$ number of responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    "Schedules with easily obtained reinforcers are considered dense, while those with difficult-to-obtain reinforcers are considered lean." Which reinforcement schedule would be considered dense?

    <p>$FR 100$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    "On interval schedules, the reinforcer is largely time contingent, and the rapidity of responses has little effect on the time until the next reinforcer is obtained." Which type of reinforcement schedule does this statement describe?

    <p>$FI$ schedule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does food deprivation produce according to the text?

    <p>Motivation to seek out food</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes a Variable Interval (VI) reinforcement schedule?

    <p>Reinforcement after the first response after varying, unpredictable periods of time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the response deprivation hypothesis suggest?

    <p>A response will be more likely to occur when it has been deprived for an extended period of time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of motivation is drive reduction related to?

    <p>Reduction in physiological drives like hunger</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What could make a stimulus a reinforcer according to the text?

    <p>Reduction in physiological drives like hunger.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the text, what may lead to longer pauses as more responses are required for reinforcement?

    <p>Fixed Ratio (FR) reinforcement schedules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of reinforcement schedule is contingent upon an unpredictable number of responses and produces a high and steady rate of response with little or no postreinforcement pause?

    <p>Variable Ratio (VR)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Premack principle suggest?

    <p>A more preferred response can be used to reinforce a less preferred response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to drive reduction theory by Clark Hull, what motivates behavior?

    <p>Reduction in physiological drives like hunger</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is reinforcement associated with according to the text?

    <p>Reduction in physiological drives like hunger</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of reinforcement schedule leads to longer pauses as more responses are required for reinforcement?

    <p>$FR 200$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Sheffield's drive induction theory, what motivates behavior?

    <p>Increase in drives</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Premack principle suggest about using a more preferred response to reinforce a less preferred response?

    <p>It may not always be effective in reinforcing the less preferred response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the text, what could make a stimulus a reinforcer?

    <p>Reduction in physiological drives like hunger</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which reinforcement schedule is reinforcement largely time contingent and the rapidity of responses has little effect on the time until the next reinforcer is obtained?

    <p>Fixed Interval (FI)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of motivation is drive reduction related to?

    <p>Incentive motivation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does deprivation of a behavior lead to, according to Allison & Timberlake's perspective?

    <p>Increase in drives</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of reinforcement schedule produces a moderate, steady rate of response with little or no postreinforcement pause?

    <p>Fixed Interval (FI)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the Premack principle, which behavior can be used as a reinforcer if access to the behavior is restricted so that its frequency falls below its baseline rate?

    <p>The behavior with the higher probability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes a Variable Interval (VI) reinforcement schedule?

    <p>Reinforcement after an unpredictable time interval</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does drive reduction refer to according to the text?

    <p>Satisfying a biological need</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the response deprivation hypothesis suggest?

    <p>Depriving someone of their preferred activity increases their motivation for other activities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    "Schedules with easily obtained reinforcers are considered dense, while those with difficult-to-obtain reinforcers are considered lean." Which reinforcement schedule would be considered dense?

    <p>$FI \thinspace 5$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    • Reinforcing stimuli are those that are associated with a reduction in a physiological drive, leading to the strengthening of the behavior that precedes the reduction.

    • However, some reinforcers do not appear to be linked to any type of drive reduction. Examples include a rat pressing a lever for access to a running wheel or a person attending a concert for enjoyment of the music.

    • Incentive motivation, which is the attractiveness of the reward itself, could be the reason for such reinforcing behavior.

    • The theory of drive reduction is not the complete explanation for reinforcement. Drive induction, where a stimulus induces a drive without any reduction, is also important.

    • Inducing a drive and then allowing the organism to reduce it can make a stimulus a reinforcer.

    • Reinforcers can be thought of as behaviors rather than stimuli. For example, lever pressing could be reinforced not by the food (stimulus), but by the act of eating the food (behavior).

    • The Premack principle suggests that a higher probability behavior can be used as a reinforcer for a lower probability behavior. This is based on the idea that the opportunity to perform a more probable behavior can be more rewarding than the less probable behavior.

    • It's important to note that probabilities of behaviors can fluctuate, making it difficult to determine free-choice preference rates and apply the Premack principle effectively.

    • Every reinforcer may eventually lose its reinforcement power due to the erosion effect. This refers to the decrease in the effectiveness of a reinforcer after extensive use.

    • A postreinforcement pause is a short break taken by an organism after receiving a reinforcer, such as a rat taking a break after each food pellet.

    • A higher ratio requirement in reinforcement schedules, like FR 200, leads to longer pauses than lower ratio requirements, like FR 50, because more responses are required for reinforcement.

    • Schedules with easily obtained reinforcers are considered dense, while those with difficult-to-obtain reinforcers are considered lean.

    • Variable Ratio (VR) reinforcement is contingent upon an unpredictable number of responses, and produces a high and steady rate of response with little or no postreinforcement pause.

    • Fixed Interval (FI) reinforcement is contingent upon the first response after a fixed period of time, and often produces a "scalloped" pattern of responding with a postreinforcement pause followed by an increasing rate of response.

    • Variable Interval (VI) reinforcement is contingent upon the first response after a varying, unpredictable period of time, and produces a moderate, steady rate of response with little or no postreinforcement pause.

    • On interval schedules, the reinforcer is largely time contingent, and the rapidity of responses has little effect on the time until the next reinforcer is obtained.

    • Ratio schedules produce postreinforcement pauses because obtaining one reinforcer means that the next one is far away, while variable schedules provide the possibility of relatively immediate reinforcement with little or no pause.

    • A mother's behavior of making requests to her child is on a FR 3 schedule of reinforcement, and a person waiting for a bus is on a FI schedule, while switching stations on the radio is on a VI schedule.

    • Drive reduction theory by Clark Hull suggests that behavior is motivated by a reduction in physiological drives like hunger, while Sheffield's drive induction theory suggests that behavior is motivated by an increase in drives.

    • The Premack principle suggests that a more preferred response can be used to reinforce a less preferred response, and the response deprivation hypothesis suggests that a response will be more likely to occur when it has been deprived for an extended period of time.

    • Food is a reinforcer because it reduces the hunger drive, and food deprivation produces a hunger drive that motivates an animal to seek out food.

    • A postreinforcement pause is a short break taken by an organism after receiving a reinforcer, such as a rat taking a break after each food pellet.

    • A higher ratio requirement in reinforcement schedules, like FR 200, leads to longer pauses than lower ratio requirements, like FR 50, because more responses are required for reinforcement.

    • Schedules with easily obtained reinforcers are considered dense, while those with difficult-to-obtain reinforcers are considered lean.

    • Variable Ratio (VR) reinforcement is contingent upon an unpredictable number of responses, and produces a high and steady rate of response with little or no postreinforcement pause.

    • Fixed Interval (FI) reinforcement is contingent upon the first response after a fixed period of time, and often produces a "scalloped" pattern of responding with a postreinforcement pause followed by an increasing rate of response.

    • Variable Interval (VI) reinforcement is contingent upon the first response after a varying, unpredictable period of time, and produces a moderate, steady rate of response with little or no postreinforcement pause.

    • On interval schedules, the reinforcer is largely time contingent, and the rapidity of responses has little effect on the time until the next reinforcer is obtained.

    • Ratio schedules produce postreinforcement pauses because obtaining one reinforcer means that the next one is far away, while variable schedules provide the possibility of relatively immediate reinforcement with little or no pause.

    • A mother's behavior of making requests to her child is on a FR 3 schedule of reinforcement, and a person waiting for a bus is on a FI schedule, while switching stations on the radio is on a VI schedule.

    • Drive reduction theory by Clark Hull suggests that behavior is motivated by a reduction in physiological drives like hunger, while Sheffield's drive induction theory suggests that behavior is motivated by an increase in drives.

    • The Premack principle suggests that a more preferred response can be used to reinforce a less preferred response, and the response deprivation hypothesis suggests that a response will be more likely to occur when it has been deprived for an extended period of time.

    • Food is a reinforcer because it reduces the hunger drive, and food deprivation produces a hunger drive that motivates an animal to seek out food.

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