Psychology Chapter: Contingencies of Reinforcement
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Questions and Answers

What does 'contingencies of reinforcement' refer to?

  • The importance of biological needs in reinforcement
  • The randomness of reinforcement schedules
  • The frequency of rewards received by a subject
  • Relationships between a response and changes in stimulation (correct)
  • What is continuous reinforcement?

    A type of reinforcement schedule where all correct responses are reinforced.

    Describe intermittent (partial) reinforcement.

    A type of reinforcement schedule where some, but not all, correct responses are reinforced.

    What are Fixed Interval schedules?

    <p>A program where reinforcement is contingent upon a certain, fixed time period since the last reinforcement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines Variable Interval schedules?

    <p>The time between reinforcements varies from trial to trial.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explain Fixed Ratio schedules.

    <p>A program where reinforcement is contingent on a certain, unchanging number of responses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Variable Ratio schedules?

    <p>A reinforcement program where the number of responses required for reinforcement varies from trial to trial.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are primary reinforcers?

    <p>Reinforcers that fulfill basic biological needs or desires.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are secondary reinforcers?

    <p>Stimuli such as money or tokens that act as rewards for positive or correct behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does instinctive drift refer to?

    <p>The tendency of an organism's innate responses to interfere with learned behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Contingencies of Reinforcement

    • Refers to the relationships between a response and subsequent changes in stimulation.
    • Example: Report cards issued multiple times a year promote better study habits.

    Continuous Reinforcement

    • A reinforcement schedule where every correct response receives reinforcement.
    • Example: Rewarding a dog immediately for good behavior.

    Intermittent (Partial) Reinforcement

    • A reinforcement schedule where only some correct responses are reinforced.

    Fixed Interval Schedules

    • Reinforcement is based on a specified time period since the last reinforcement.
    • Example: Employees receive consistent paychecks weekly or monthly.

    Variable Interval Schedules

    • The interval between reinforcements varies randomly from trial to trial.
    • Example: Praise from a boss occurring at unpredictable times.

    Fixed Ratio Schedules

    • Reinforcement depends on a set, unchanging number of responses.
    • Example: Factory workers receive payment upon completing every 10 cases of products.

    Variable Ratio Schedules

    • The number of responses needed for reinforcement fluctuates from trial to trial.
    • Example: Winning on a slot machine, where payouts occur at unpredictable intervals.

    Primary Reinforcers

    • Reinforcers that fulfill basic biological needs or desires, such as food or sex.
    • These have inherent biological value to organisms.

    Secondary Reinforcers

    • Stimuli that serve as rewards for positive or correct behavior, such as money or tokens.

    Instinctive Drift

    • The phenomenon where innate responses can disrupt learned behaviors.
    • Example: Difficulty in teaching a cat not to scratch furniture due to its natural instincts.

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    Description

    Explore the important concepts of contingencies of reinforcement through these flashcards. Understand how reinforcement schedules, such as continuous reinforcement, impact behavior and learning. Enhance your knowledge in behaviorism and psychological principles.

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