30 Questions
Which receptor type do cardiac myocytes respond to?
β1-receptors
What is the main effect of β2-receptor activation?
Bronchodilation
What is the main effect of dopamine receptor activation?
Vasodilation
Which enzyme prevents breakdown of cAMP?
Phosphodiesterase
Which drug is an inhibitor of phosphodiesterase?
Milrinone
What are the cardiac effects of caffeine?
Tachycardia
What is the main effect of cardiac glycosides?
Positive inotropy
Which factor plays a role in determining blood pressure?
Renin
Which class of drugs affects sympathetic function?
β-blockers
Which receptor subtype is targeted by α1-blockers?
α1 receptors
Which drug is not a first-line treatment for hypertension?
β-blockers
Which drug is an option for hypertension in pregnancy?
Methyldopa
Which drug class inhibits the action of angiotensin II?
ACE inhibitors
Which drug class affects cardiac contractility?
Glycosides
Which receptor does Midodrine primarily target?
α1-adrenoceptor
What are the indications for using Midodrine?
Orthostatic hypotension and vasovagal syncope
Which of the following is NOT an adverse effect of Midodrine?
Increased urination
Which class of drugs primarily inhibits renin release from the kidneys?
β-blockers
Which of the following drugs primarily affects blood pressure through cardiac contractility?
Cardiac glycosides
Which of the following is NOT a major antihypertensive effect of beta-blockers?
Reduction in sympathetic tone
Which of the following is a pharmacologic target in the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System?
Renin inhibitor
Which of the following is NOT a side effect of glycosides?
Headache
What is the therapeutic index (TI)?
The ratio of effective dose to toxic dose
Which of the following conditions is a contraindication for glycoside use?
Bradycardia
What is the therapeutic window?
The range of drug concentrations that produce a therapeutic effect
What are the symptoms of glycoside intoxication?
Ventricular tachycardia, delirium, convulsions
Which of the following is NOT a treatment for glycoside intoxication?
Forced diuresis
What is the main adverse effect of glycosides when plasma potassium (K+) is low?
Arrhythmias
What is the median effective dose (ED50)?
The dose at which 50% of patients experience a therapeutic effect
Which of the following is a caveat of glycoside use?
Drug interaction with diuretics
Test your knowledge on the regulation of cardiac contractility and the role of key molecules such as Ca++, Na+, adenylate cyclase, cAMP, β1-receptor, ATP, phosphodiesterase, Gs-protein, PK-A, and internal Ca++ stores. This quiz will assess your understanding of the mechanisms involved in increasing contractility and the effects of catecholamines on cardiomyocytes.
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