Regulation of Blood Pressure and Blood Flow

<p>Neural regulation via the nervous system (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Adjust respiration (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Feedforward provides information while feedback alters the response. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Renal reflex (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Muscle strength (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Signals are sent via the sympathetic nerves (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Consistent metabolic demand (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Their response is slower (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To enhance oxygen ventilation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Local regulation through vasomotion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Baroreceptor reflexes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is triggered by lowered blood volume or flow (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Influence vasomotion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They enhance reflex effects on ventilation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased H+ acidity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Respiratory rate regulation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Modifying cardiac output (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Arterial hypoxia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased ventilation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Systemic vascular resistance (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To conserve available oxygen (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vasodilation of blood vessels in skeletal muscles (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Atrial stretch and baroreceptor activation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Atrial natriuretic hormone (ANH) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Adrenaline release (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increasing the rate and force of cardiac contraction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased release of aldosterone (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increase in blood pressure (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vasoconstriction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>h Mg2+ (A), h K+ (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Release of vasodilator agents (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rapid depletion of nutrients and release of vasodilators (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Severe vasoconstriction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Promotes vasodilation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They contract more forcefully (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reactive hyperemia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ability of tissues to independently adjust blood flow to match their individual oxygen needs, nutrient supply, and waste removal.

The control center in the brain that regulates heart rate, stroke volume, and blood vessel constriction/dilation.

Sensors in blood vessels that detect changes in blood pressure and send signals to the cardiovascular center.

Sensors in the blood that detect changes in oxygen, carbon dioxide, and pH levels, signaling the cardiovascular center.

The adjustment of blood flow in response to local changes in tissue needs, such as during exercise or injury.

The nervous system's role in regulating blood pressure through signals from the cardiovascular center.

The endocrine system's role in regulating blood pressure using hormones that affect blood vessel constriction/dilation or blood volume.

The continuous adjustment of blood pressure and flow to maintain a stable environment in response to changes in posture, blood loss, or other demands.

A reflex triggered by changes in blood oxygen (O2) levels, carbon dioxide (CO2) levels, or pH in the blood.

A mechanism that helps stabilize blood pressure when blood volume or flow through the kidneys decreases.

The RAA system involves several hormones that work together to increase blood pressure.

The process of regulating blood flow in response to changes in oxygen (O2) levels, carbon dioxide (CO2) levels, or pH in the blood.

A type of chemoreceptor located in the carotid and aortic arteries, they detect changes in blood oxygen (O2) levels.

A set of responses triggered by the chemoreceptors in response to low blood oxygen levels.

The effect of the chemoreceptor reflex on breathing.

The effect of the chemoreceptor reflex on the cardiovascular system.

The nervous system uses negative feedback loops to control blood pressure. This involves sensing changes in blood pressure and adjusting heart rate and blood vessel diameter to maintain desired blood pressure levels.

Located in the carotid arteries and aorta, these receptors detect changes in blood pressure.

The carotid sinus reflex monitors blood pressure in the brain, while the aortic reflex regulates systemic blood pressure throughout the body.

When blood pressure drops, baroreceptors stretch less, sending signals to the cardiovascular center. This triggers a response to increase heart rate and constrict blood vessels, raising blood pressure back to normal.

Chemoreceptors are located in the carotid bodies and aortic bodies, similar to baroreceptors.

Chemoreceptors primarily adjust respiration, but they also play a secondary role in blood vessel constriction (vasomotion).

Chemoreceptors detect changes in blood oxygen, carbon dioxide, and acidity levels. Low oxygen, high carbon dioxide, or high acidity trigger sympathetic stimulation. This results in increased heart rate and vasoconstriction, elevating blood pressure.

High acidity environments (acidosis) can contribute to increased heart rate and even hypertension.

A hormone released by the juxtaglomerular cells in the kidneys in response to low blood pressure, activating the RAA system.

A potent vasoconstrictor hormone produced in the liver, part of the RAA system, that increases blood pressure.

A hormone released from the adrenal medulla, part of the sympathetic nervous system, that increases heart rate and force of contraction, and constricts blood vessels.

A hormone secreted by the pituitary gland, also known as vasopressin, that constricts blood vessels and promotes water reabsorption, increasing blood pressure.

A hormone released by the atrial cells of the heart, acting as an antagonist to the RAA system.

The ability of blood vessels to constrict or dilate in response to local conditions, such as oxygen levels or pH changes.

The ability of blood vessels to adjust their diameter in response to changes in blood pressure, ensuring consistent blood flow despite pressure fluctuations. This mechanism helps maintain a stable blood pressure within the tissue.

An increase in blood flow to a tissue after a period of reduced or blocked blood supply. This mechanism helps restore oxygen supply and remove waste products.

An increase in blood flow to a tissue during periods of heightened activity, like during exercise. Caused by vasodilators released from active tissue.

A potent vasodilator released from the endothelium (inner lining) of blood vessels. Nitric Oxide plays a crucial role in regulating local blood flow.

The ability of blood vessels to constrict or dilate in response to changes in calcium concentration, impacting blood flow and pressure.

The ability of blood vessels to dilate in response to changes in potassium, magnesium, sodium, or glucose concentrations, influencing blood flow and pressure.

The ability of blood vessels to dilate in response to changes in the osmolality of blood, influencing blood flow and pressure.