Renal Autoregulation and Humoral Control

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What is the primary mechanism by which the kidney regulates its own blood flow?

Autoregulation through the juxtaglomerular apparatus (correct)

Neurological control mechanism

Humoral control mechanism

Paracrine control mechanism

What is the purpose of autoregulation in the kidney?

To decrease blood flow to the kidney

To increase blood pressure during shock states

To increase urine production

To maintain a constant glomerular filtration rate (correct)

What is the function of the juxtaglomerular complex?

To regulate the synthesis and release of renin (correct)

To adjust blood flow to the kidney

To monitor blood pressure in the efferent arteriole

To monitor the composition of urine

What is the effect of a pathological change in the autoregulation mechanism on urine production?

It leads to fluid and electrolyte imbalances Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of angiotensin II in the regulation of renal blood flow?

It constricts the afferent arteriole Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of a change in blood flow to the kidney?

It leads to fluid and electrolyte imbalances Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the ureter becoming distended due to urine collecting behind an obstruction?

Hydroureter Signup and view all the answers

What is the highest priority concern when dealing with a UT obstruction?

Assessing for acute renal failure Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common composition of kidney stones?

Calcium oxalate or calcium phosphate Signup and view all the answers

What is a common cause of supersaturation of urine with stone components?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the kidney's inability to concentrate urine, resulting in large amounts of dilute urine?

Isosthenuria Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of inhibitors in kidney stone formation?

They inhibit stone formation Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the process by which substances in the urine become concentrated, increasing the likelihood of stone formation?

Supersaturation Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not a symptom of uremia?

Improved brain function Signup and view all the answers

At what percentage of normal GFR does end-stage renal disease (ESRD) occur?

<20% of normal Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for high levels of nitrogenous waste products in the blood and urine?

Azotemia Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the brain dysfunction that can occur in uremia?

Uremic encephalopathy Signup and view all the answers

At what percentage of normal GFR does dialysis or transplantation become necessary for survival?

<5% of normal Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for assessing creatinine levels in the blood?

To assess kidney function and identify impaired kidney function Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of azotemia and uremia?

Inability to get rid of waste products Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of a BUN test?

It indicates the level of urea in the blood Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between azotemia and uremia?

Azotemia refers to elevated levels of nitrogenous waste products in the blood, while uremia refers to the symptoms caused by these elevated levels Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for monitoring uric acid levels?

To monitor nucleic acid breakdown Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between Stage 1 and Stage 2 kidney disease according to the National Kidney Foundation guidelines?

Stage 1 has a GFR of ≥ 90, while Stage 2 has a GFR of 60-89 Signup and view all the answers

What is a major concern with elevated potassium levels in patients with kidney failure?

Cardiac dysrhythmias Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between phosphorus and calcium levels?

They have an inverse relationship Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the kidney in activating vitamin D?

It helps activate vitamin D Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of phosphorus retention in patients with kidney failure?

Hypocalcemia Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the condition that occurs when the parathyroid gland pulls calcium from bones due to vitamin D deficiency?

Renal osteodystrophy Signup and view all the answers

What is a common electrolyte imbalance seen in patients with kidney failure?

Hyperkalemia Signup and view all the answers