Reflective Practice Models
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary focus of reflection-on-action?

  • Considering ongoing actions
  • Evaluating past experiences (correct)
  • Undergoing immediate experiences
  • Judging the feelings during a process

    • What role does doubt play in Schön's model of professional growth?

  • It leads to indecisiveness.
  • It encourages blind acceptance of practices.
  • It hinders progress and confidence.
  • It allows for critical thinking and questioning of actions. (correct)

    • Which stage comes immediately after 'Description' in Gibbs' structured debriefing?

  • Analysis
  • Initial experience
  • Feelings (correct)
  • Evaluation

    • What is the intention behind the 'Evaluation' stage in Gibbs' structured debriefing?

    <p>To make judgments about the experience's merits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of reflection-in-action according to Schön?

    <p>Considering the best practices during the action</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary aim of reflective practice?

    <p>To engage in continuous learning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first stage of Gibbs' reflective cycle?

    <p>Description</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the process of reflection according to Gillie?

    <p>Critically attending to values and theories that inform actions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following concepts is highlighted by Johns for improving reflection?

    <p>Shared experiences with a colleague or mentor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who developed the concepts of reflection-on-action and reflection-in-action?

    <p>Donald Schön</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Boud, what is essential for individuals engaging in reflection?

    <p>Recapturing experiences and evaluating them</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the analysis stage in Gibbs' model involve?

    <p>Understanding broader applications of the experience</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does mere experience fail to achieve in the context of learning?

    <p>Deliberate reflection on experiences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the 'five patterns of knowing' incorporated by Johns?

    <p>They include empirical, aesthetic, personal, ethical, and reflexive knowledge.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which model of reflective practice is associated with Terry Borton?

    <p>Simple learning cycle of What, So what, Now what</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the aim of the action plan stage in Gibbs' reflective cycle?

    <p>To propose steps for future improvement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect distinguishes Johns' model from Gibbs' reflective cycle?

    <p>Inclusion of five patterns of knowing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements represents a misconception about reflection?

    <p>Reflection always requires written documentation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one purpose of reflecting on different people's experiences according to the context provided?

    <p>To understand similarities and differences in experiences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What challenge is often faced when trying to reflect on experiences?

    <p>Difficulty in organizing emotions and thoughts coherently</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Gibbs' model, what does the feelings stage focus on?

    <p>The emotional response to the experience</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Borton's model emphasize in reflective practice?

    <p>Scrutiny of a situation and personal improvement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Kolb's reflective model is primarily focused on which of the following concepts?

    <p>Experiential learning and knowledge application</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes single-loop learning from double-loop learning?

    <p>Double-loop learning focuses on changing beliefs and policies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theorist's ideas did Schön build upon in developing reflection-on-action?

    <p>John Dewey</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following outcomes is associated with reflection-in-action according to Schön?

    <p>Immediate alterations to strategies during execution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What mechanism does double-loop learning utilize to respond to errors?

    <p>Changing the objectives or strategies underlying actions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true about Kolb's model of experiential learning?

    <p>It emphasizes the cycle of experiencing, reflecting, conceptualizing, and testing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which concept does Schön criticize in the framework of practical knowledge?

    <p>The focus on abstract theory over practical applications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the fundamental aim of engaging in reflective practice?

    <p>The fundamental aim is to engage in a process of continuous learning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Gillie, what are the two types of attention involved in reflective practice?

    <p>The two types are paying critical attention to practical values and examining practice reflectively and reflexively.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who introduced the concepts of reflection-on-action and reflection-in-action?

    <p>Donald Schön introduced the concepts in his book 'The Reflective Practitioner'.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does David Boud suggest is a key component of the reflective process?

    <p>David Boud suggests that recapturing, exploring, and evaluating experiences are key components.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what year did Terry Borton publish 'Reach, Touch, and Teach'?

    <p>Terry Borton published it in 1970.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three questions that form Borton's learning cycle?

    <p>The three questions are: What, So what, and Now what?</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does John Dewey contribute to the concept of reflective practice?

    <p>John Dewey explored the relationships among experience, interaction, and reflection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between mere experience and learning through reflection?

    <p>Mere experience lacks the deliberate reflection that leads to deeper understanding.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between reflection-on-action and reflection-in-action?

    <p>Reflection-on-action involves thinking about past experiences, while reflection-in-action occurs during the action itself.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does doubt contribute to professional growth according to Schön?

    <p>Doubt prompts individuals to critically assess their actions and frame situations as problems.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the 'Evaluation' stage in Gibbs' structured debriefing?

    <p>The 'Evaluation' stage aims to make value judgments about the experience, identifying what was good or bad.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Gibbs suggest is essential for facilitating reflection in experiential learning?

    <p>Gibbs suggests that structured debriefing is essential for facilitating reflection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Gibbs' reflective cycle, what comes after the 'Feelings' stage?

    <p>After the 'Feelings' stage comes the 'Evaluation' stage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one key conclusion that can be drawn from analyzing different people's experiences?

    <p>Different people's experiences may vary significantly in important ways, highlighting the uniqueness of individual perspectives.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Gibbs' reflective cycle consist of?

    <p>Gibbs' reflective cycle consists of six stages: Description, Feelings, Evaluation, Analysis, Conclusions, and Action plan.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Johns' model of reflection differ from Gibbs' model?

    <p>Johns' model emphasizes sharing experiences with a colleague or mentor, while Gibbs' model focuses on a structured individual reflection process.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Action Plan stage in Gibbs' reflective cycle?

    <p>The Action Plan stage aims to outline specific steps to take in future similar situations based on lessons learned.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the five patterns of knowing incorporated in Johns' guided reflection?

    <p>The five patterns of knowing are aesthetic, personal, ethical, empirical, and reflexive.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be taken into account when creating a personal action plan after reflection?

    <p>One should consider what specific changes or improvements can be made in their approach for future situations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does reflection support professional growth according to the content?

    <p>Reflection facilitates deeper understanding and can transform experiences into learned knowledge, enhancing professional practice.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is sharing experiences with others important in Johns' model of reflection?

    <p>Sharing experiences enables practitioners to gain insights and learn at a faster rate than reflecting alone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Kolb's model contribute to the understanding of experiential learning?

    <p>Kolb's model emphasizes the transformation of experiences into knowledge through reflection and application in new situations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between single-loop and double-loop learning as proposed by Argyris and Schön?

    <p>Single-loop learning corrects errors using existing strategies, while double-loop learning modifies objectives and strategies to prevent recurrence of similar issues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Schön's framework, what are the two types of reflective practice he advocates?

    <p>Schön advocates for reflection-on-action and reflection-in-action to improve professional practice.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does reflection play in professional growth according to Schön's interpretation of Dewey's writings?

    <p>Reflection is deemed vital for problem framing, solving, and prioritizing practical knowledge over theoretical constructs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did Borton’s model influence practitioners outside of education?

    <p>Borton's model was adapted by practitioners in fields like nursing and social work to enhance reflective practices for improving client outcomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of 'problem framing' in Schön's reflective practice model?

    <p>'Problem framing' allows practitioners to redefine issues and adapt their responses and strategies during challenging situations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Kolb learn from the theories of John Dewey and Jean Piaget that influenced his model?

    <p>Kolb was influenced by their emphasis on experiential learning and the importance of reflection in the learning process.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does continuous application of knowledge differ from the mere accumulation of experience in Kolb's model?

    <p>Continuous application involves actively utilizing learned concepts in new situations, whereas mere experience does not necessarily lead to meaningful learning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the four lenses proposed by Stephen Brookfield for critically reflective practice?

    <p>The four lenses are: our autobiography as learners, learners' eyes, colleagues' experiences, and theoretical literature.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does analyzing our autobiography contribute to reflective practice?

    <p>Analyzing our autobiography provides insight into individual and collective crises, enhancing emotional understanding of practice.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key principle when viewing practice through learners' eyes?

    <p>A key principle is ensuring the anonymity of learners' critical opinions to make them feel safe.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way do colleagues act as critical mirrors in reflective practice?

    <p>Colleagues reflect back images of our actions and provide perspectives that can inform our practice.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does theoretical literature aid in reflective practice according to Brookfield?

    <p>Theoretical literature helps practitioners 'name' their practice by illuminating common elements in their experiences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does power dynamics play in reflective practice as per Brookfield's perspective?

    <p>Reflective practice makes us aware of the power dynamics present in all practice settings.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be discovered by viewing practice through the lens of learners' eyes?

    <p>Viewing through learners' eyes can reveal surprising interpretations of our actions that differ from our intentions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to analyze our assumptions in critical reflection?

    <p>Analyzing our assumptions helps us identify those that are hegemonic and may not serve our best interests in the long run.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of using Brookfield's lenses in reflective practice?

    <p>To enhance self-awareness and understand power dynamics in practice.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which lens emphasizes the importance of one's personal learning history?

    <p>Lens of autobiography as a learner</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do learners' perspectives contribute to reflective practice according to Brookfield?

    <p>They reveal unexpected interpretations of the educator's actions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect does the lens of colleagues' experiences primarily focus on?

    <p>Accessing critical feedback and alternative perspectives</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Brookfield mean by hegemonic assumptions?

    <p>Beliefs that benefit practitioners in the short term but hinder them in the long run.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to ensure the anonymity of learners' critical opinions?

    <p>To gather feedback without putting learners in uncomfortable situations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What critical role does theoretical literature play in reflection according to Brookfield?

    <p>It helps articulate and clarify idiosyncratic experiences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    By viewing practice through multiple lenses, what can practitioners achieve?

    <p>A complex understanding of various influences and dynamics at play.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Reflective Practice

    • Reflective practice is the ability to think about and analyze your actions.
    • The goal of reflective practice is to continually learn and improve.
    • Reflection requires conscious analysis of emotions, actions, and responses to gain insights from experiences.

    Models of Reflective Practice

    • Borton’s Model (1970) asks three questions:
      • What happened?
      • So what?
      • Now what?
    • Kolb and Fry’s Model (1975) focuses on experiential learning and transforming information into knowledge.
    • Argyris and Schön’s Model (1978) introduces single-loop and double-loop learning:
      • Single-loop learning corrects errors using existing strategies.
      • Double-loop learning modifies objectives and strategies for future situations.
    • Schön’s Model (1983) defines two types of reflection:
      • Reflection-on-action: Reviewing past experiences and analyzing potential improvements.
      • Reflection-in-action: Reflecting on actions during the process.
    • Gibbs’ Model (1988) provides a structured debriefing process for reflection:
      • Description of the experience
      • Feelings about the experience
      • Evaluation of the experience
      • Analysis of the situation
      • General conclusions
      • Specific conclusions
      • Action plan
    • Johns’ Model (1995) incorporates five patterns of knowing:
      • The aesthetic
      • The personal
      • The ethical
      • The empirical
      • The reflexive
    • Brookfield’s Model (1998) suggests looking through four lenses:
      • Lens 1: Our autobiography as a learner
      • Lens 2: The perspective of our learners
      • Lens 3: The experience of our colleagues
      • Lens 4: Theoretical literature

    Reflective practice

    • The ability to think about and reflect on one’s actions.
    • Aims to engage in ongoing learning.
    • Requires deliberate reflection on experiences.
    • John Dewey (20th century): Reflective practice involves exploring experiences, interactions, and reflections.
    • Kurt Lewin and Jean Piaget: Developed theories related to human learning and development.
    • Donald Schön (1983): Introduced the concepts of reflection-on-action and reflection-in-action.
    • David Boud: Explained that reflection is a fundamental human activity involving recapturing, exploring, and evaluating experiences.
    • Implicit learning may occur during experiences, but it can be challenging to organize emotions, events, and thoughts.

    Models of reflective practice

    • Borton (1970): Three-question model ("What, So what, Now what").
      • Involves describing, scrutinizing, and constructing knowledge from an experience.
      • Practitioners contemplate personal improvements and the consequences of their response.
    • Kolb and Fry (1975): Model emphasizes experiential learning and the transformation of information into knowledge.
      • Practitioners reflect on experiences, develop general understandings, and test these in new situations.
      • Knowledge evolves through continual application based on prior experiences.
    • Argyris and Schön (1978): Introduced single-loop learning and double-loop learning.
      • Single-loop learning: Correcting errors without altering strategies or policies.
      • Double-loop learning: Modifying objectives, strategies, or policies to address similar situations differently.
    • Schön (1983): Advocate of reflection-on-action and reflection-in-action.
      • Reflection-in-action: Reflecting during actions, considering best practices.
      • Reflection-on-action: Analyzing past experiences to understand what could have been done differently.
      • Emphasized the importance of critically questioning actions to identify and resolve "problems."
    • Gibbs (1988): Structured debriefing to facilitate reflection in Kolb's experiential learning cycle.
      • Stages: Initial experience, Description, Feelings, Evaluation, Analysis, Conclusions (general and specific), Personal action plans.
      • Frequently cited as "Gibbs' reflective cycle" or "Gibbs' model of reflection."
    • Johns (1995): Structured reflection model for practitioners.
      • Designed for sharing experiences with colleagues or mentors to accelerate learning.
      • Emphasis on experiential knowledge, "looking in" on thoughts and emotions, and "looking out" at the situation.
      • Incorporates five patterns of knowing: aesthetic, personal, ethical, empirical, and reflexive.
    • Brookfield (1998): Four lenses for critically reflective practitioners.
      • Lens 1: Autobiography as a learner: Reflecting on personal learning experiences.
      • Lens 2: Learners' eyes: Considering learners' perspectives and interpretations of actions.
      • Lens 3: Colleagues' experiences: Seeking perspectives and insights from peers.
      • Lens 4: Theoretical literature: Utilizing theoretical frameworks to understand practice.

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    Description

    Explore the various models of reflective practice, including Borton's, Kolb and Fry's, Argyris and Schön's, and Schön's definitions of reflection. This quiz will enhance your understanding of how reflection can lead to continuous personal and professional growth. Test your knowledge on the key concepts and applications of these models!

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