Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes) Overview

<p>Monocytes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Oxygen transport (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>CFU-GM (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Upon receiving growth inducers (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lymphoid stem cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They give rise to platelets. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Polychromatophil erythroblast (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They promote growth but not differentiation of committed stem cells. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It condenses and is eventually extruded from the cell. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Microcytic, hypochromic anemia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They assist in the differentiation of specific cell types. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Erythroblastosis fetalis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reticulocyte (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It stimulates the synthesis of red blood cells when tissue oxygenation declines. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It may stimulate erythropoietin secretion from tissues other than the kidneys. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The individual invariably becomes very anemic due to lack of erythropoietin. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The amount of oxygen transported to tissues in relation to demand. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Only 10% of normal erythropoietin is formed, leading to decreased RBC production. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Norepinephrine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It results in hyperplasia of the remaining bone marrow. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Production begins slowly and peaks at 24 hours after exposure to low oxygen. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bone Marrow (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Multipotential Hematopoietic Stem Cell (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>20 years (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Liver and Spleen (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Only membranous bones (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It becomes fatty and less productive (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Retention of some cells in original form (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It produces no RBCs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Apoferritin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By decreasing iron absorption from the intestines (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hemosiderin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It increases significantly (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>120 days (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It binds strongly with cell membrane receptors (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Storage iron (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It accelerates (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is insufficient to meet tissue demand. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Extreme tissue hypoxia. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased RBC production. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It occurs due to hypoxia from low oxygen in the air. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Most individuals have normal arterial pressure. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased production of red blood cells. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They can sometimes fail leading to hypertension. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It appears flushed due to increased blood in venous plexus. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Early in gestation, the liver, spleen, and lymph nodes produce red blood cells (RBCs). Later, after about the 4th month in utero, bone marrow is the primary site for RBC production.

All bones produce RBCs until about 5 years old. Longer bones stop producing RBCs around age 20. Membranous bones continue production but decrease with age.

The single type of cell from which all blood cells arise. It is like a blueprint for all types of blood cells

A small portion of the cells remain as stem cells and are stored in the bone marrow to maintain the blood cell supply

Most of the reproduced cells from stem cells become different types of blood cells.

Red blood cells (RBCs) are flexible and easily deformable, like a bag that can change shape.

After age 20 the marrow of the long bones become less active in producing RBC's, often fatty.

Membranous bones, like vertebrae, ribs and ilia, continue RBC production later in life but their production ability decreases with age.

Red blood cells

Colony-forming unit-blast

Colony-forming unit-erythrocytes

Colony-forming unit-spleen

Colony-forming unit–granulocytes, monocytes

Colony-forming unit–megakaryocytes

Multipotent hematopoietic stem cell

Proteins that control red blood cell production

The process of forming blood cells from a common ancestor in the bone marrow. It results in the creation of all blood cells, including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.

A single cell type that can differentiate into all types of blood cells. It's like a master blueprint for all blood cell types.

Substances that promote the growth and reproduction of blood cells. They help increase the overall number of cells.

Substances that control the development of blood cells into specific types, like red blood cells or platelets. They influence the 'job' of the cell.

The earliest stage of a red blood cell development, characterized by a large nucleus and a relatively small amount of cytoplasm.

An immature red blood cell that still contains some of its original cellular machinery. It is released into the bloodstream and matures into a mature red blood cell.

A hormone produced by the kidneys that stimulates the production of red blood cells in response to low oxygen levels.

A fully developed red blood cell that lacks a nucleus and is filled with hemoglobin. It carries oxygen to the body's tissues.

When tissue oxygen levels decrease, the body increases red blood cell (RBC) production to deliver more oxygen.

Erythropoietin is a hormone primarily produced by the kidneys that stimulates the production of red blood cells in response to low oxygen levels.

The kidneys are the primary source of erythropoietin, but the liver can also contribute to a lesser extent.

Erythropoietin binds to receptors on red blood cell precursors (proerythroblasts) in the bone marrow, triggering a cascade of events that ultimately leads to the production of mature RBCs.

When oxygen levels drop, erythropoietin production increases quickly, peaking within 24 hours.

Without functioning kidneys, erythropoietin production is severely limited, leading to significant anemia due to insufficient RBC production.

Factors like norepinephrine, epinephrine, and certain prostaglandins can also stimulate erythropoietin production, suggesting non-kidney sensors might play a role.

The amount of oxygen transported to the tissues in relation to tissue demand, rather than just RBC count, drives RBC production.

Ferritin is a protein in the cytoplasm of cells that stores iron. It can bind varying amounts of iron, acting like a large iron container.

Hemosiderin is an insoluble form of stored iron that forms when there's too much iron for ferritin to hold. It's like iron overflowing from the storage unit.

The body only absorbs a small amount of iron from food each day, even if you eat a lot of iron-rich foods. This rate changes depending on iron stores.

When the body is full of iron, iron absorption slows down. When iron stores are low, absorption speeds up to replenish them.

Transferrin is a protein in the blood that carries iron to where it's needed. It's like a taxi for iron.

Transferrin binds to receptors on erythroblasts, young red blood cells, to deliver iron for hemoglobin production.

Red Blood Cells (RBCs) live for about 120 days in the bloodstream before being broken down and recycled.

Mature red blood cells lack a nucleus, mitochondria, and endoplasmic reticulum. They are essentially bags of hemoglobin.

An increase in red blood cell production due to reduced oxygen availability in the tissues, often triggered by conditions like high altitude or heart failure.

A state where tissues are deprived of adequate oxygen.

A rare blood disorder characterized by an overproduction of red blood cells, leading to an increase in blood volume and viscosity.

The body produces more red blood cells in response to tissue hypoxia, which occurs when tissues are deprived of sufficient oxygen. This can be due to factors such as high altitude or heart failure.

The thickness or stickiness of blood, affected by the number of red blood cells and other factors.

The resistance to blood flow in the blood vessels, primarily due to friction between blood and vessel walls.

In polycythemia, the increased blood volume and viscosity can raise peripheral resistance, which normally increases blood pressure. However, the body's blood pressure regulating mechanisms can usually offset this increase, unless it becomes too severe, leading to hypertension.

The color of the skin is influenced by the amount of blood in the subpapillary venous plexus. In polycythemia vera, this plexus contains an increased amount of blood, leading to a ruddy complexion.