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Questions and Answers
Which of the following protein combinations represents the major components of the red blood cell (RBC) cytoskeleton?
Which of the following protein combinations represents the major components of the red blood cell (RBC) cytoskeleton?
- Glycophorin and Band 3
- Actin and Glycophorin
- Protein 4.1 and Band 3
- Spectrin and Ankyrin (correct)
During fetal development, the activation of globin genes proceeds in the following order: Zeta → Epsilon → Alpha → Gamma → Delta → Beta
During fetal development, the activation of globin genes proceeds in the following order: Zeta → Epsilon → Alpha → Gamma → Delta → Beta
False (B)
How does the binding of 2,3-DPG to hemoglobin affect its oxygen affinity?
How does the binding of 2,3-DPG to hemoglobin affect its oxygen affinity?
decreases
A right shift in the hemoglobin-oxygen dissociation curve indicates a(n) ______ affinity for oxygen.
A right shift in the hemoglobin-oxygen dissociation curve indicates a(n) ______ affinity for oxygen.
Match the globin chain with the period of development it is most active:
Match the globin chain with the period of development it is most active:
A patient is experiencing acidosis. How would this condition likely affect the hemoglobin-oxygen dissociation curve?
A patient is experiencing acidosis. How would this condition likely affect the hemoglobin-oxygen dissociation curve?
Which structural change facilitates the binding of 2,3-DPG to hemoglobin?
Which structural change facilitates the binding of 2,3-DPG to hemoglobin?
Transfusing a patient with a large volume of stored blood will result in a right shift on the oxygen dissociation curve.
Transfusing a patient with a large volume of stored blood will result in a right shift on the oxygen dissociation curve.
A unit of blood stored in CPDA-1 can be stored for how many days?
A unit of blood stored in CPDA-1 can be stored for how many days?
During the storage of red blood cells, the pH level typically increases.
During the storage of red blood cells, the pH level typically increases.
What cryoprotective agent is commonly used when freezing red blood cells?
What cryoprotective agent is commonly used when freezing red blood cells?
The use of additive solutions can extend the shelf life of RBCs to ______ days.
The use of additive solutions can extend the shelf life of RBCs to ______ days.
Match the following blood preservatives with their corresponding storage durations:
Match the following blood preservatives with their corresponding storage durations:
Which of the following changes occurs in stored blood that can shift the oxygen dissociation curve to the left?
Which of the following changes occurs in stored blood that can shift the oxygen dissociation curve to the left?
What is a primary benefit of using additive solutions in RBC storage?
What is a primary benefit of using additive solutions in RBC storage?
PVC plastic bags used for blood storage are ideal for freezing components without special handling due to their resistance to breaking at low temperatures.
PVC plastic bags used for blood storage are ideal for freezing components without special handling due to their resistance to breaking at low temperatures.
Why is glycerol mixed with RBCs before freezing?
Why is glycerol mixed with RBCs before freezing?
Frozen RBCs can be stored indefinitely at any temperature below 0°C.
Frozen RBCs can be stored indefinitely at any temperature below 0°C.
What is the main advantage of using frozen RBCs over traditionally stored RBCs regarding storage duration?
What is the main advantage of using frozen RBCs over traditionally stored RBCs regarding storage duration?
The process of removing glycerol from RBCs after thawing is known as ________.
The process of removing glycerol from RBCs after thawing is known as ________.
Which of the following is a disadvantage associated with the use of frozen RBCs?
Which of the following is a disadvantage associated with the use of frozen RBCs?
How does decreased 2,3-DPG levels affect hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen?
How does decreased 2,3-DPG levels affect hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen?
Increased mixed venous oxygen tension (PvO₂) occurs due to decreased 2,3-DPG levels.
Increased mixed venous oxygen tension (PvO₂) occurs due to decreased 2,3-DPG levels.
What compensatory mechanism does the body employ when tissues experience hypoxia due to decreased oxygen unloading from hemoglobin?
What compensatory mechanism does the body employ when tissues experience hypoxia due to decreased oxygen unloading from hemoglobin?
Why are platelets in the U.S. only stored for a maximum of 5 days?
Why are platelets in the U.S. only stored for a maximum of 5 days?
A high corrected count increment (CCI) after a platelet transfusion guarantees proper platelet function.
A high corrected count increment (CCI) after a platelet transfusion guarantees proper platelet function.
What effect does 2,3-DPG have on hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen?
What effect does 2,3-DPG have on hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen?
What change in morphology do platelets undergo during storage due to the platelet storage lesion?
What change in morphology do platelets undergo during storage due to the platelet storage lesion?
The direct Coombs test checks for free antibodies in the serum that could react against donor red blood cells.
The direct Coombs test checks for free antibodies in the serum that could react against donor red blood cells.
Why is 0.85% saline solution used for washing red blood cells?
Why is 0.85% saline solution used for washing red blood cells?
In tube testing, if samples undergo excessive centrifugation, it may lead to a false ______ result.
In tube testing, if samples undergo excessive centrifugation, it may lead to a false ______ result.
In reverse grouping (serum typing), a ______ top tube is used to obtain the serum.
In reverse grouping (serum typing), a ______ top tube is used to obtain the serum.
Match the agglutination grading with its description:
Match the agglutination grading with its description:
Match the following components with their respective roles in blood typing or cell preparation:
Match the following components with their respective roles in blood typing or cell preparation:
Which of the following changes occurs during platelet storage lesion?
Which of the following changes occurs during platelet storage lesion?
Rouleaux formation is caused by a decrease in protein in circulation.
Rouleaux formation is caused by a decrease in protein in circulation.
What does a purple top tube indicate in blood banking or cell preparation?
What does a purple top tube indicate in blood banking or cell preparation?
What is the approximate lifespan of platelets in days?
What is the approximate lifespan of platelets in days?
What would a 1+ result after centrifuging Coombs Check Cells (CCC) indicate?
What would a 1+ result after centrifuging Coombs Check Cells (CCC) indicate?
The principle of Coombs Check Cells (CCC) is to validate a positive AHG test.
The principle of Coombs Check Cells (CCC) is to validate a positive AHG test.
Which potentiator works by decreasing the ionic strength of the solution, facilitating closer proximity between antibodies and their corresponding antigens?
Which potentiator works by decreasing the ionic strength of the solution, facilitating closer proximity between antibodies and their corresponding antigens?
Albumin enhances agglutination reactions by increasing the viscosity of the solution.
Albumin enhances agglutination reactions by increasing the viscosity of the solution.
How does PEG enhance agglutination reactions?
How does PEG enhance agglutination reactions?
A(n) ________ antibody is produced by multiple clones targeting different antigens, unlike monoclonal antibodies.
A(n) ________ antibody is produced by multiple clones targeting different antigens, unlike monoclonal antibodies.
Match the potentiator with its primary mechanism of action:
Match the potentiator with its primary mechanism of action:
Which of the following blood group systems typically exhibits weaker reaction strengths?
Which of the following blood group systems typically exhibits weaker reaction strengths?
IgG antibodies can always cause direct agglutination at the immediate spin phase.
IgG antibodies can always cause direct agglutination at the immediate spin phase.
Why might an IgG antibody not be detected at the immediate spin phase but be detected at the AHG phase?
Why might an IgG antibody not be detected at the immediate spin phase but be detected at the AHG phase?
Flashcards
Integral membrane proteins
Integral membrane proteins
Proteins that span the lipid bilayer of red blood cells, crucial for structure and function.
Peripheral proteins
Peripheral proteins
Proteins located on the inner or outer surface of the RBC membrane, important for maintaining shape and structure.
RBC developmental globin genes
RBC developmental globin genes
The sequence of globin gene activation during embryonic and fetal development: Zeta, Alpha, Epsilon, Gamma, Delta, Beta.
Band 3 protein
Band 3 protein
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Oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve
Oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve
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Conditions causing right shift
Conditions causing right shift
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Conditions causing left shift
Conditions causing left shift
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Hemoglobin primary function
Hemoglobin primary function
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Glycerol
Glycerol
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Freezing temperature for RBCs
Freezing temperature for RBCs
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Deglycerolization process
Deglycerolization process
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Advantages of frozen RBC storage
Advantages of frozen RBC storage
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Disadvantages of frozen RBC storage
Disadvantages of frozen RBC storage
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Impact of low 2,3-DPG
Impact of low 2,3-DPG
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Cardiac output
Cardiac output
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Mixed venous oxygen tension (PvO₂)
Mixed venous oxygen tension (PvO₂)
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2,3-DPG
2,3-DPG
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ABO Blood Typing
ABO Blood Typing
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Forward Grouping
Forward Grouping
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Reverse Grouping
Reverse Grouping
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0.85% Saline Solution
0.85% Saline Solution
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Coombs Check Cells (CCC)
Coombs Check Cells (CCC)
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Direct Coombs Test (DAT)
Direct Coombs Test (DAT)
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Indirect Coombs Test (IAT)
Indirect Coombs Test (IAT)
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Potentiators
Potentiators
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LISS
LISS
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Albumin
Albumin
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PEG
PEG
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PBS
PBS
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IgG
IgG
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Monoclonal antibodies
Monoclonal antibodies
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Cold reactions in blood groups
Cold reactions in blood groups
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CCCs
CCCs
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Reaction Grading
Reaction Grading
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Platelet Lifespan
Platelet Lifespan
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Platelet Storage Lesion
Platelet Storage Lesion
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Thrombocytopenia
Thrombocytopenia
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Corrected Count Increment (CCI)
Corrected Count Increment (CCI)
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Rouleaux Formation
Rouleaux Formation
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Mix Field Agglutination
Mix Field Agglutination
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2,3-DPG Levels
2,3-DPG Levels
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Oxygen Dissociation Curve Left Shift
Oxygen Dissociation Curve Left Shift
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Storage Time of Blood
Storage Time of Blood
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Preservative Types
Preservative Types
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Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Bags
Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Bags
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Benefits of Additives
Benefits of Additives
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Glycerol in RBC Freezing
Glycerol in RBC Freezing
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Viability of Transfused RBCs
Viability of Transfused RBCs
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Study Notes
RBC Structure and Function
- Red blood cells (RBCs) are crucial for survival due to their chemical composition and structure of their membrane.
- The RBC membrane is a semipermeable lipid bi-layer supported by a protein cytoskeleton.
- Integral membrane proteins span the membrane, including glycophorin, which gives cells their negative charge, preventing them from sticking together.
- Peripheral membrane proteins are bound to the inner surface of the membrane.
- The membrane is comprised of roughly 52% protein, 40% lipid, and 8% carbohydrate.
- Proteins involved in RBC deformability (ability to change shape) include spectrin, ankyrin, actin, and protein 4.1.
- During embryonic and fetal development, globin genes activate in a specific order: Zeta → Alpha → Epsilon → Gamma → Delta → Beta.
RBC Metabolism
- RBC metabolic pathways primarily produce ATP anaerobically.
- The pentose phosphate pathway produces 10% of ATP, preventing globin degradation under oxidative stress.
- Deficiencies in this pathway result in Heinz bodies.
- The methemoglobin reductase pathway maintains hemoglobin in its ferrous state.
- The Luebering-Rapoport shunt produces 2,3-DPG, influencing hemoglobin's oxygen affinity.
- Hemoglobin's main function is gas transport, carrying oxygen to tissues and carbon dioxide away.
Effect of 2,3-DPG
- 2,3-DPG lowers hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen, facilitating oxygen release to tissues.
- When hemoglobin releases oxygen, it shifts to a tense (T) state with lower oxygen affinity.
- When oxygen binds, hemoglobin shifts to a relaxed (R) state with higher oxygen affinity.
Conditions Affecting Oxygen Affinity
- Conditions that shift the oxygen dissociation curve to the right (lower affinity) include acidosis, increased 2,3-DPG, and fever.
- Conditions that shift the oxygen dissociation curve to the left (higher affinity) include alkalosis and hypothermia.
Factors Affecting RBC Storage
- Stored blood often has low 2,3-DPG levels, making oxygen delivery to tissues less effective.
- Factors affecting RBC storage include a decrease in viable cells, glucose, ATP, and pH, and an increase in lactic acid and potassium.
Preservatives for Blood Storage
- Additives are used to maintain red blood cell viability during storage.
- Acid citrate dextrose (ACD), CPD/CP2D, and CPDA extend storage time.
- The FDA mandates a survival rate exceeding 75% for transfused RBCs at least 24 hours post-transfusion.
RBC Freezing
- Freezing RBCs is primarily for autologous units and rare blood types.
- Glycerol is a cryoprotective agent that protects cells during freezing.
- Storage duration for frozen RBCs can last up to 10 years.
- RBCs undergo deglycerolization before transfusion to remove the glycerol.
Platelet Structure and Function
- Platelets contain granules with various proteins, including growth factors, ADP, ATP, calcium, and serotonin.
- Platelets are typically stored at a temperature ranging from 20°C–24°C.
- Platelets lose ATP and may aggregate into large sheets over time.
Platelet Storage Lesion
- Factors affected by platelet storage are degranulation (increases), lactate (increases), ATP (decreases), pH (decreases), and morphological change (from discoid to spherical shapes).
Washing Steps and Reagents
- Washing steps include using saline solutions with increasing concentrations to remove unbound antibodies and serum proteins.
- Reagents are used for disinfection and decontamination, such as 10% bleach solution.
- 0.85 % saline solution is used for RBC washing because it is isotonic to the cells preventing hemolysis.
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Description
Test your knowledge of red blood cell (RBC) components and their role. Learn about fetal globin gene activation order. Understand how 2,3-DPG, pH, and storage conditions affect hemoglobin's oxygen affinity and the oxygen dissociation curve.
