Red Blood Cell Structure and Function Quiz

<p>Nitric oxide (NO)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Store of oxygen for aerobic metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Greater than 95%</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>120 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Regenerating glutathione (GSH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased bilirubin due to hemolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reduces susceptibility</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Storing excess iron in the liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inhibition of iron absorption in the GI tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hb level below 120 mg/L</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Heavy menstrual bleeding</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>18 mg/day</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Transporting iron in the blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Small, pale red blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Depleted iron stores in the liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The shape of RBCs is important for maximizing surface area, which is essential for their function in oxygen and CO2 exchange.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hemoglobin consists of 4 polypeptide chains - 2 alpha and 2 beta, and deficiency in histidine globin chains leads to a decrease in hematocrit and a decrease in Hb Histidine, affecting the synthesis and stability of the heme group.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Different forms of hemoglobin include Oxy-Hb (oxygen bound, red color), Deoxy-Hb (no oxygen bound, darker color), Carboxy-Hb (CO bound), and Carbamino-Hb (CO2 bound to globin).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Myoglobin serves as a store of oxygen in muscle to enable aerobic metabolism. It is essential for providing oxygen to muscle tissues during physical activity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Oxygen saturation levels (SpO2) should be greater than 95%. If levels fall below 90%, it indicates respiratory distress and potential oxygen deficiency.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glucose metabolism in erythrocytes is essential for energy production. Hyperglycemia can affect this process, leading to glycosylation of Hb and serving as a biomarker of poor glycemic control.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>RBCs circulate for approximately 120 days. High levels of glycemia (&gt;76) can indicate poor glycemic control, potentially impacting the lifespan of RBCs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The heme group is essential for binding and transporting oxygen. It is synthesized separately and consists of a ring structure of 4 pyrrole N with iron in the center.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>G6PD generates NADPH, which regenerates GSH, a major antioxidant that protects the cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The causes include decreased dietary iron, inhibition of absorption in the GI tract, increased red cell mass (e.g., during pregnancy), and increased losses such as hemolysis, GI bleeding, and heavy menstrual losses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The sequential changes include depletion of iron stores, changes in iron transport, defective erythropoiesis, and ultimately iron deficiency anemia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decreased ferritin levels indicate decreased iron stores in the body, which is a key indicator of iron deficiency.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Heterozygotes with G6PD deficiency are protected against malaria, while individuals with the deficiency are less susceptible to RBC parasite form mosquito.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ferritin stores iron in the liver as Fe$^{3+}$ and releases it as Fe$^{2+}$ when needed for heme and hemoglobin synthesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The primary losses contributing to iron deficiency anemia include GI bleeding, hemolysis, and heavy menstrual losses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Transferrin is responsible for transporting iron in the blood, binding to Fe$^{3+}$ and delivering it to cells for various functions such as heme and hemoglobin synthesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>NADPH is needed to regenerate the redox capacity of the cell and to regenerate glutathione (GSH), a major antioxidant that protects the cell. Insulin resistance may affect the equilibrium of glucose in RBCs, impacting the availability of NADPH.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Heme is catabolized into bilirubin, which is then transported to the liver for further processing. This process is related to iron metabolism as the iron released from heme is stored as Fe$^{3+}$ in ferritin for future use in hemoglobin synthesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Iron deficiency anemia can lead to the production of small, pale erythrocytes with decreased energy for neurodevelopment in infants and associated behavioral consequences in children.</p> Signup and view all the answers