Red Blood Cell Functions Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which component constitutes approximately 55% of the volume of blood?

  • Erythrocytes
  • Platelets
  • Plasma (correct)
  • Leukocytes

    • How can blood cells and plasma be separated?

  • By osmosis
  • By diffusion
  • By filtration
  • By centrifugation (correct)

    • What is the approximate proportion of blood to body weight in a 70 kg man?

  • About 15%
  • About 35%
  • About 25%
  • About 7% (correct)

    • What is the function of blood in transporting heat?

    <p>Temperature regulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which part of the body does blood circulate?

    <p>Throughout the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary pumping organ for circulating blood?

    <p>Heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary stimulus for increased erythropoiesis?

    <p>Hypoxia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does erythropoietin production mainly occur?

    <p>Kidney</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organ carries out the breakdown of erythrocytes (haemolysis)?

    <p>Spleen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to iron released by haemolysis?

    <p>Returned to the bone marrow to form new haemoglobin molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines an individual's blood group?

    <p>Inheritance of antigens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do individuals make antibodies to foreign antigens in blood transfusions?

    <p>To destroy the transfused cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which blood type is considered the universal recipient?

    <p>Type AB</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Incompatible with which blood types is Type B blood due to the antibodies it produces?

    <p>Type A and O</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which leukocyte type is specialized in eliminating parasites like worms?

    <p>Eosinophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which leukocyte type is highly mobile and protects the body against bacterial invasion?

    <p>Neutrophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which leukocyte type is closely associated with allergic reactions and contains granules packed with histamine?

    <p>Basophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which blood type has neither antigens A nor B and makes both anti-A and anti-B antibodies?

    <p>Type O</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of red blood cells in the body?

    <p>Transporting oxygen and some carbon dioxide in the blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the lifespan of mature red blood cells?

    <p>120 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which vitamins are required for red blood cell synthesis?

    <p>B12 and folic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What molecule is responsible for oxygen transport in red blood cells?

    <p>Hemoglobin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is iron carried in the bloodstream for hemoglobin production?

    <p>Bound to transferrin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Under what conditions does oxyhemoglobin release oxygen readily to support tissue use?

    <p>Low pH or low oxygen levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component makes up about 7% of plasma and maintains osmotic pressure, serves as a carrier for fatty acids, drugs, and steroid hormones?

    <p>Albumin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is responsible for coagulation, with fibrinogen being the most abundant, and are removed from plasma to create serum?

    <p>Clotting factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cells are part of the immune system and play a role in blood clotting?

    <p>Leukocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the process of blood cell formation take place in the first few years of life?

    <p>Red bone marrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which substance is essential for various bodily functions, including muscle contraction and nerve impulse transmission?

    <p>Electrolytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes normochromic and anychromic cells based on various systems?

    <p>Wright-Giemsa staining method</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function of blood?

    <p>Producing antibodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What proportion of the volume of blood does plasma normally constitute?

    <p>55%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where can blood cells and plasma be separated by centrifugation?

    <p>By spinning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate proportion of blood to body weight in a 70 kg man?

    <p>7%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What substance is removed from plasma to create serum and is essential for coagulation?

    <p>Fibrinogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component constitutes approximately 55% of the volume of blood?

    <p>Plasma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which substance is primarily responsible for maintaining osmotic pressure in the bloodstream?

    <p>Albumin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of platelets in blood clotting?

    <p>Formation of platelet plugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does haemopoiesis primarily take place in adults?

    <p>Red bone marrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which leukocyte type is primarily responsible for phagocytosis and immune response?

    <p>Monocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to red marrow as individuals age?

    <p>It transforms into fatty yellow marrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes red blood cells based on the Wright-Giemsa staining method?

    <p>Cell size</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate number of haemoglobin molecules contained in a single red blood cell?

    <p>280 million</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which molecule is responsible for reversible binding of oxygen in red blood cells?

    <p>Haemoglobin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary stimulus for increased red blood cell production (erythropoiesis)?

    <p>Low oxygen levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is iron stored in the body for hemoglobin production?

    <p>Liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate lifespan of mature red blood cells?

    <p>120 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the biconcave discs with no nucleus that carry out the transport of oxygen and some carbon dioxide in the blood?

    <p>Red blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone regulates red blood cell production and is mainly produced by the kidneys?

    <p>Erythropoietin (EPO)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause for increased erythropoiesis?

    <p>Hypoxia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organ is mainly responsible for destruction of erythrocytes (haemolysis)?

    <p>Spleen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to iron released by haemolysis?

    <p>Recycled to form new haemoglobin molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which blood group system is the most common and prevalent in 55% of the population?

    <p>ABO system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of individuals often have no antibodies to react with A or B antigens and are called universal recipients?

    <p>Blood group AB individuals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which blood type is compatible with all other blood types in the ABO system?

    <p>Type AB</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of basophils in the body?

    <p>Promoting allergic reactions and playing a role in the inflammatory process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which leukocyte type is most essential for fighting infections and removing damaged tissue cells and debris?

    <p>Monocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate proportion of leukocytes in blood volume?

    <p>1%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the function of neutrophils?

    <p>Attracting large numbers to infection sites and killing bacteria through phagocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the ABO system of blood grouping, which blood type is incompatible with all other blood types?

    <p>Type O</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    • The total blood volume in adults is approximately 80 mL/kg in males and 70 mL/kg in females.

    • Blood maintains a constant environment for body cells with homeostatic mechanisms keeping blood volume and constituent concentrations stable.

    • Whole blood consists of water, plasma, and blood cells. Plasma is the liquid component carrying dissolved and suspended substances.

    • Plasma proteins make up about 7% of plasma and maintain osmotic pressure, have roles in carrier functions and clotting, and are primarily formed in the liver.

    • Albumin is the most abundant plasma protein, maintaining osmotic pressure and serving as a carrier for fatty acids, drugs, and steroid hormones.

    • Globulins have functions as antibodies, hormone and mineral salt transport, and enzyme inhibition.

    • Immunoglobulins are antigen-neutralising antibodies, while thyroglobulin, transferrin, and a2macroglobulin have transport and enzyme inhibition roles.

    • Clotting factors are responsible for coagulation, with fibrinogen being the most abundant, and are removed from plasma to create serum.

    • Electrolytes are essential for various bodily functions, including muscle contraction and nerve impulse transmission.

    • Water makes up 90-92% of plasma, while plasma proteins (7%) and other constituents account for the rest.

    • Nutrients and waste products are transported in the bloodstream, while hormones are secreted into the blood and transported to target tissues and organs.

    • Oxygen is transported in the blood mainly bound to haemoglobin in red blood cells, while carbon dioxide is converted to bicarbonate and transported in plasma.

    • Haemopoiesis is the process of blood cell formation, which takes place in red bone marrow for the first few years of life, with the process being confined to flat bones, irregular bones, and long bone ends in adults.

    • Erythrocytes (red cells) are responsible for oxygen transport, leukocytes (white cells) are part of the immune system, and platelets (thrombocytes) play a role in blood clotting.

    • Red marrow is where most blood cells are synthesised, but over the next 20 years, it is largely replaced by fatty yellow marrow, and haemopoiesis is confined to specific sites in adult bones.

    • Red blood cells are classified based on various systems, including the Wright-Giemsa staining method, which distinguishes between normochromic and anychromic cells.

    • White blood cells are categorised into five main types: neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils, each with distinct roles in the immune response.

    • Platelets contribute to blood clotting by releasing platelet-derived growth factor and other clotting factors, and by aggregating at injury sites to form platelet plugs.

    • The structure of red blood cells includes a biconcave disc shape facilitating efficient gas exchange, a rigid membrane, and a central nucleus that disappears during maturation.

    • White blood cells are larger than red blood cells and contain a nucleus, which allows for various functions such as phagocytosis and immune response.

    • Leukopenia (low white blood cell count) and leukocytosis (high white blood cell count) are conditions that can impact the immune system's ability to fight infections.

    • Platelet disorders, such as thrombocytopenia (low platelet count) and thrombocytosis (high platelet count), can lead to bleeding or clotting issues.

    • The Rhesus (Rh) antigen, or Rhesus factor, is a red blood cell membrane antigen important for blood typing. About 85% of people have this antigen, making them Rhesus-positive (Rh+), and do not produce anti-Rh antibodies. The remaining 15% are Rhesus-negative (Rh-), capable of making anti-Rh antibodies under specific conditions, such as pregnancy or incompatible blood transfusions.

    • The ABO system of blood grouping includes the following antigens and antibodies:

    • Type A: produces anti-B antibodies and is compatible with A and AB, but incompatible with B and O.

    • Type B: produces anti-A antibodies and is compatible with B and AB, but incompatible with A and O.

    • Type AB: produces neither anti-A nor anti-B and is compatible with all groups.

    • Type O: produces both anti-A and anti-B antibodies and is compatible only with O.

    • Leukocytes, or white blood cells, are important for defence and immunity. They are the largest blood cells and account for about 1% of blood volume. There are two main types: granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils) and agranulocytes (monocytes and lymphocytes).

    • Granulocytes (polymorphonuclear leukocytes) follow a common line of development during granulopoiesis, with multilobed nuclei and distinctive granules.

    • Neutrophils: small, fast cells that protect against bacterial invasion, attract large numbers to infection sites, and kill bacteria through phagocytosis. They live on average 6-9 hours.

    • Eosinophils: less active in phagocytosis but eliminate parasites and promote inflammation in allergic reactions through the release of toxic chemicals.

    • Basophils: closely associated with allergic reactions, contain heparin, histamine, and other chemicals, and play a role in the inflammatory process.

    • Eosinophils are less active in phagocytosis but eliminate parasites and promote inflammation. They release toxic chemicals when they bind to infecting organisms, and increase in allergic inflammation, such as asthma.

    • Leukocytes, especially neutrophils, are essential for fighting infections and removing damaged tissue cells and debris. They are attracted to infection sites through chemotaxis and use diapedesis to move through capillary walls.

    • The ABO system of blood grouping determines the presence or absence of antigens A and B on red blood cells and the corresponding antibodies in the plasma. Incompatible blood transfusions can cause severe reactions, including hemolysis and immune responses.

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