Recombinant DNA Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the role of restriction enzymes in recombinant DNA technology?

  • They are used to identify the specific gene that needs to be transferred.
  • They are used to replicate the DNA sequence of interest.
  • They are used to cut DNA at specific sequences, creating sticky or blunt ends. (correct)
  • They are used to insert the desired gene into the recipient organism.

Which eon marks the beginning of life on Earth?

  • Phanerozoic
  • Proterozoic
  • Hadean
  • Archaean (correct)

Which of the following are NOT considered a component of the geological time scale?

  • Decades (correct)
  • Eons
  • Periods
  • Eras

What is the significance of the Cambrian explosion in Earth's history?

<p>It led to a rapid increase in biodiversity. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between genetic engineering and recombinant DNA technology?

<p>Genetic engineering is a broader field including recombinant DNA technology. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these processes is NOT a critical step in recombinant DNA technology?

<p>DNA methylation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main types of ends generated by restriction enzymes?

<p>Sticky ends and blunt ends (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which eon in the geological time scale is characterized by the transition to abundant life forms?

<p>Proterozoic (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the example of the peppered moth demonstrate regarding evolution?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of adaptation do the wings of flightless birds represent?

<p>Vestigial adaptation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a key source of genetic variation in populations?

<p>Natural selection (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The presence of a homologous characteristic, such as the genetic code, suggests what about different species?

<p>They share a common ancestor in the past. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the tailbone (coccyx) in humans?

<p>Muscle attachment and support (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an example of an adaption?

<p>The existence of a vestigial structure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between homologous characteristics and evolutionary time?

<p>Homologous characteristics are more common in closely related organisms (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does camouflage in animals help them survive?

<p>It helps them blend in with their environment and avoid predators (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a vestigial structure?

<p>It has a significant function in the current environment. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the process by which new species arise?

<p>Speciation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The human appendix is considered a vestigial structure. What does this mean?

<p>It is a remnant of a structure that was functional in our ancestors. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these examples is NOT considered a vestigial structure?

<p>The development of opposable thumbs in primates (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between genotype and phenotype?

<p>Genotype refers to the genetic makeup of an organism; phenotype refers to its physical traits. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a trait that would contribute to the biodiversity of a specific ecosystem?

<p>The ability of a plant species to survive in only one type of soil (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do the wings of flightless birds like ostriches represent?

<p>A structure that was functional in their ancestors and is now reduced or non-functional (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a factor that influences the emergence of new species?

<p>The ability of individuals to reproduce and create offspring (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of DNA ligase in the process of gene transfer?

<p>Joins the sticky ends of DNA fragments and vectors (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an application of DNA technology?

<p>Photosynthesis measurement (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the technique called that is used to introduce rDNA into prokaryotic cells?

<p>Transformation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding plasmids?

<p>They act as vectors for gene transfer. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which type of pollination can pure-line selections be produced?

<p>Self-pollination (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main feature of transgenic plants?

<p>They contain foreign genes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common method for DNA delivery into animal cells?

<p>Electroporation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes cross-pollination from self-pollination?

<p>It requires different flowers. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which mechanism of evolution is characterized by the introduction of new genetic variations through changes in DNA sequences?

<p>Mutation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of artificial selection in the evolution of a species?

<p>To intentionally breed organisms for desirable traits (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is genetic drift particularly significant in small populations?

<p>Random sampling effects are more pronounced (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What would likely happen to a population without variation over time?

<p>It would remain static and not evolve (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of gene flow in populations?

<p>It facilitates interbreeding between different populations (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is divergent evolution?

<p>Related species evolving different traits in varying environments (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes homologous structures?

<p>Similar structures in different species due to a common ancestor (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between convergent and divergent evolution?

<p>Convergent evolution involves unrelated species adapting similar traits while divergent involves related species developing different traits (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is NOT considered evidence for evolution?

<p>Physical fitness of modern species (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is genetic variation important for speciation?

<p>It provides the raw material for natural selection (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which scientist is known as the father of biology?

<p>Aristotle (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of structure undergoes convergent evolution?

<p>Analogous structures (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of graphical data in evidences of evolution?

<p>It illustrates trends and relationships in evolutionary biology (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Biodiversity

The variety of organisms in a specific habitat or ecosystem.

Speciation

The emergence of new species from divergence between groups.

Extinction

The complete disappearance of a species.

Phenotype

Observable characteristics of an organism resulting from genes and environment.

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Genotype

The genetic constitution of an organism, its specific set of genes.

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Vestigial Structure

An anatomical feature that has lost its original function through evolution.

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Human Appendix

A vestigial structure believed to have aided digestion in ancestors but is non-functional now.

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Pelvic Bones in Whales

Small vestigial bones in whales that are remnants of land-dwelling ancestors.

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Recombinant DNA

Artificial DNA formed by combining gene sequences from different organisms.

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Genetic Engineering

The technique of identifying, manipulating, and transferring specific genes.

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Restriction Enzymes

Molecular scissors used to cut DNA at specific sequences.

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Eons

The largest section of the Geological Time Scale, representing the longest time spans.

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Eras

Divisions of eons in the Geological Time Scale.

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Periods

Divisions of eras in the Geological Time Scale.

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Epoch

The smallest division in the Geological Time Scale, stemming from periods.

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Cambrian Explosion

A sudden increase in the diversity of life during the Cambrian Period.

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Gene of Interest

A segment of DNA that researchers wish to study or manipulate.

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Vector

A DNA molecule used to deliver a gene of interest into a host cell.

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Ligation

The process of joining DNA fragments together using DNA ligase.

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Transformation

The introduction of recombinant DNA into bacterial cells.

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Transfection

The process of introducing foreign DNA into eukaryotic cells.

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Electroporation

A technique to introduce DNA into animal cells using electrical pulses.

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Transgenic Plants

Plants that have been genetically modified to contain foreign genes.

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Self-Pollination

The transfer of pollen within the same flower.

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Tailbone (Coccyx)

A small bone in humans that is a remnant of a tail from ancestors.

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Camouflage

An adaptation that allows animals to blend in with their surroundings.

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Peppered Moth Example

Peppered moths evolved darker colors during the Industrial Revolution for better camouflage.

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Beak Shapes in Birds

Darwin's finches adapted their beaks based on their food sources.

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Genetic Variation

Differences in DNA among individuals, primarily from mutations and sexual reproduction.

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Homologous Characteristics

Traits shared by different species that evolved from a common ancestor.

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Desert Adaptations

Plants like cacti have evolved thick stems to store water for survival in dry areas.

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Natural Selection Theory

Theory that explains how species evolve through survival and reproduction of those best adapted.

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Mutations

Changes in DNA sequences that create new genetic variations within populations.

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Genetic Drift

Random changes in allele frequencies in a population, especially strong in small populations.

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Artificial Selection

Human-directed breeding aimed at producing specific traits in organisms.

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Gene Flow

The transfer of genetic variation between populations through interbreeding.

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Divergent Evolution

When related species evolve different traits due to adapting to different environments.

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Homologous Structures

Similar structures in different species that evolved from a common ancestor.

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Analogous Structures

Different structures in different species that serve similar functions.

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Convergent Evolution

When unrelated species evolve similar traits due to similar environmental pressures.

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Comparative Anatomy

The study of similarities and differences in the anatomy of different species.

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Comparative Embryology

The comparison of embryonic development across different species to find evolutionary relationships.

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Fossil Records

Preserved remains or traces of organisms that provide evidence of past life and evolution.

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Study Notes

Recombinant DNA

  • Recombinant DNA is a DNA strand created by combining genes from different organisms.
  • Genetic engineering involves identifying, manipulating, and transferring specific genes.
  • Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) are created by inserting recombinant DNA into an organism.
  • Important rDNA processes include: DNA isolation, cutting DNA with restriction enzymes (creating sticky or blunt ends), gene cloning (inserting the gene of interest into a vector like a plasmid), ligation (joining fragments using DNA ligase), and transformation/transfection (introducing rDNA into a host cell).
  • Restriction enzymes are also known as molecular scissors.
  • Vectors include plasmids, bacteriophages, and viral DNA.

Applications of Recombinant DNA

  • Agricultural applications: Hybridization (crossing parents with different traits), development of transgenic plants (adding foreign genes), cereal crop improvement, development of C4 plants.
  • Medicinal applications: Production of antibiotics, insulin, vaccines, enzymes, interferons, and gene therapy.
  • Industrial applications: Improving chemical compounds and fermentation processes.

Geological Time Scale

  • The geological time scale is a record of Earth's history, divided into eons, eras, periods, and epochs.
  • Eons are the largest divisions, followed by eras, periods, and epochs.
  • Eons include: Hadean, Archaean, Proterozoic, and Phanerozoic. Eras include those of the Phanerozoic eon.
  • The Precambrian or Cryptozoic consists of the Hadean, Archaean, and Proterozoic eons.
  • The Cambrian or Phanerozoic era includes the Cambrian explosion, a dramatic increase in diversity and quantity of multicellular organisms.
  • Cratons are the stable interior parts of the Earth.

Evolution

  • Biodiversity refers to the number and variety of organisms in a habitat.
  • Speciation is the emergence of new species from existing ones due to divergence.
  • Adaptation refers to traits that enhance survival and reproduction.
  • Species are groups of organisms with similar genetic make-up and characteristics.
  • Phenotype refers to the observable traits, while genotype refers to the genetic makeup.
  • Alleles are different forms of genes, located on specific positions on chromosomes.
  • Evolution is influenced by mechanisms such as natural selection, genetic drift, mutations, recombination, and artificial selection.
  • Vestigial structures are anatomical features that have lost their original function through evolution (e.g., human appendix, pelvic bones in whales, wings of flightless birds, tailbone).
  • Genetic variation is crucial for speciation.
  • Mutations introduce new genetic variation.

Mechanisms of Evolution

  • Natural Selection: Organisms with advantageous traits are more likely to survive and reproduce.
  • Genetic Drift: Random changes in gene frequencies, especially in small populations.
  • Mutations: Changes in DNA sequence that can introduce new traits.
  • Recombination: Mixing of genetic material during reproduction.
  • Artificial Selection: Human intervention in breeding to promote desirable traits in organisms.

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