Recent Discoveries in Paleontology and Science
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Questions and Answers

When did the researchers publish their findings on the newly discovered ichthyosaur species?

  • October 2022
  • April 2024 (correct)
  • 1803
  • 2016

In what year did Brent Seales develop the X-ray technology to image the scrolls' interior?

  • 2013
  • 2009 (correct)
  • 2007
  • 2011

What is the estimated length of the newly discovered ichthyosaur?

  • 13 years
  • 80 feet (24 meters) (correct)
  • 6 feet (1.8 meters)
  • 17 years

How many years will pass before the next time two cicada broods emerge simultaneously?

<p>221 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the total amount of the 'First Letters Prize' awarded for identifying the first word?

<p>$50,000 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many years did it take for Brood XIII and Brood XIX to emerge simultaneously after their last simultaneous emergence?

<p>221 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many papyrus fragments were included in the 'Vesuvius Challenge' release?

<p>Three (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what year did the last simultaneous emergence of Brood XIII and Brood XIX occur?

<p>1803 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of the scroll was ultimately deciphered by the winning team during the Vesuvius challenge?

<p>5% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which month of 2023 did Seales and his team invite students to participate in the 'Vesuvius Challenge'?

<p>March (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many species are there in Brood XIX?

<p>4 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many characters were required to be decoded in each of the four passages to win the top prize?

<p>140 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In how many states are the cicadas expected to emerge?

<p>16 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How much money did Luke Farritor receive for identifying the first word of the ancient scroll?

<p>$40,000 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many individuals were part of the winning team that deciphered the 5% of the scroll?

<p>Three (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the content, approximately how much money is lost by US businesses on Friday the 13th?

<p>$900 million (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the number 12, according to one belief mentioned?

<p>It is considered a 'complete' number because of the months in a year, zodiac signs and apostles. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which historical event, mentioned, is thought to have happened on Friday the 13th?

<p>Cain's killing of Abel. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Approximately how many Americans experience anxiety on Friday the 13th?

<p>Over 20 million (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the content, on what date did the Mammoth DAC plant turn on?

<p>May 8, 2024 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did many biblical scholars believe Eve tempted Adam, according to the text, and on what day?

<p>With the forbidden fruit on a Friday. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was discovered about traffic accidents on Friday the 13th in a 2008 study?

<p>Traffic accidents were lower than on other Fridays. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Besides the number of apostles, what other group mentioned is commonly found in the number 12?

<p>The months in a year (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Triskaidekaphobia

The belief that the number 13 is unlucky, often linked to superstitions and folklore.

Norse Legend of Loki

A Scandinavian legend involving Norse gods, where Loki tricked Hoder into killing Balder, resulting in a negative association with the number 13.

Friday the 13th Superstition

The belief that Friday, especially Friday the 13th, is an unlucky day, often linked to biblical events and cultural traditions.

Friday the 13th Economic Impact

A phenomenon where the fear of Friday the 13th can lead to a significant decline in economic activity, with people avoiding work, travel, and major purchases.

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Direct Air Capture (DAC)

The act of removing carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere, often through technological means, to mitigate climate change.

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Mammoth DAC Plant

A large-scale direct air capture plant developed by Climeworks, designed to capture and remove CO2 from the atmosphere.

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Transition to Renewable Energy

The practice of switching from fossil fuels (oil, coal) to renewable energy sources (solar, wind) to reduce harmful greenhouse gas emissions.

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Phasing Out Fossil Fuels

The gradual phasing out of fossil fuels as a primary energy source, replaced by cleaner and more sustainable energy alternatives.

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Virtual Unwrapping

The process of using X-ray technology to create 3D images of the interior of rolled-up scrolls without physically opening them.

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Artificial Intelligence (AI) program

A software program designed to analyze and identify letters and symbols within the X-ray images of the scrolls.

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Vesuvius Challenge

A global competition launched to engage students in decoding the Herculaneum scrolls, using the AI program and 3D X-ray images.

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Porphyras

The first word successfully decoded by a participant in the Vesuvius Challenge, which translates to 'purple' in Greek.

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Decoding the scrolls

The process of identifying and understanding the characters, symbols, and words within the ancient scrolls.

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First Letters Prize

The prize awarded to the participant(s) who successfully decoded the first word from the Herculaneum scrolls.

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Decoding 85% of the characters in four passages

The main challenge in the Vesuvius Competition, requiring participants to achieve a high level of accuracy in decoding a section of the scrolls.

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Trio's Accomplishment

The collaborative work of Luke Farritor, Youssef Nader, and Julian Schillinger to decipher a significant portion of the ancient scroll.

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Ichthyotitan severnensis

A large marine reptile, a type of ichthyosaur, that lived millions of years ago, estimated to have been around 80 feet long, equivalent to two buses parked end-to-end.

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Cicada Brood Emergence

A rare event where two different broods of cicadas emerge simultaneously. Brood XIX appears every 13 years, and Brood XIII every 17 years. The last time this happened was in 1803.

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Periodical Cicada Life Cycle

Cicadas spend most of their lives underground, feeding on the sap from tree roots. They emerge after 13 or 17 years to reproduce and die soon after.

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Cicada Prime Number Theory

The theory that cicadas have evolved to emerge on prime numbers (13 and 17) to reduce the chances of encountering predators with synchronized life cycles.

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Ichthyotitan severnensis Remains

The remains of a giant ichthyosaur, discovered by a young fossil enthusiast, Ruby, and a group of paleontologists.

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Periodical Cicadas

A group of insects that emerge in large numbers periodically, after a certain number of years, typically 13 or 17.

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Radiometric Dating

The process of determining the age of a fossil or rock based on the decay of radioactive elements.

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Study Notes

Earth Day

  • Celebrated annually on April 22nd, Earth Day promotes environmental protection
  • Global movement began in 1970 with US lawmaker Gaylord Nelson
  • Earth Day Network (EDN) has over 50,000 partners in 190 countries
  • Led to landmark environmental laws, including the Clean Water Act (1972) and Endangered Species Act (1973)
  • 2024 theme: Planet vs. Plastics
  • Highlights over 380 million tons of plastic produced yearly.
  • 50% of plastic production is for single-use purposes.

Plastic Reduction Goal

  • EDN wants a 60% reduction in plastic production by 2040.

Ways to Achieve the Goal

  • Raise public awareness of health risks associated with plastic pollution
  • Persuade countries to phase out single-use plastics by 2030
  • Urge governments to implement policies to end fast fashion
  • Encourage corporations to invest in sustainable alternatives to plastic.
  • Microplastics are ingested and inhaled and are everywhere. Possible health risks are unknown
  • Fast fashion is a major contributor to plastic pollution

Reducing Plastic Consumption

  • Individuals can reduce their plastic footprint by using reusable items
  • Examples: cutlery sets, water bottles, lunch bags

Other Events

  • A nova outburst, observable from Earth without equipment, between now (April) and September 2024
  • A 7.4-magnitude earthquake struck Taiwan's east coast on April 3, 2024, causing significant damage and injuries.

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Description

Test your knowledge on recent findings in paleontology, specific ichthyosaur species, and the innovative 'Vesuvius Challenge'. This quiz covers various aspects of these discoveries, including technological advancements and species emergence. See how well you understand these fascinating topics!

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