Realism vs Liberalism in International Relations

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Questions and Answers

According to liberal theorists, what is a basic assumption about human nature?

  • Neutral view of human nature
  • Indifferent view of human nature
  • Positive view of human nature (correct)
  • Pessimistic view of human nature

Which type of liberals emphasize transnational non-governmental ties between societies?

  • Republican liberals
  • Interdependence liberals
  • Institutional liberals
  • Sociological liberals (correct)

What do institutional liberals emphasize in their conceptions of international cooperation?

  • Economic ties of mutual exchange
  • Organized cooperation between states (correct)
  • Non-governmental ties between societies
  • Importance of liberal democratic constitutions

What is the belief of liberal theorists regarding international relations?

<p>Primarily cooperative (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the cobweb model, what is believed to reduce the risk of serious conflict between groups?

<p>Erosion of cross-cutting group memberships (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Rosenau argue leads to a transformation of the international system into a 'multicentric world'?

<p>Sovereignty-free collectivities (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What challenges the distinction between 'domestic' and 'international' according to Cerny?

<p>Transnational networks (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does sociological liberalism posit is more important for cooperation than state-to-state relations?

<p>Relations between private individuals, groups, and societies (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In global politics, what is becoming increasingly important due to the erosion and dispersion of state power?

<p>Individuals (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is expected to lead to a more peaceful world according to sociological liberalism?

<p>A large number of transnational networks (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do realists view the state?

<p>A concentration of power (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who coined the term 'international law' in the 18th century?

<p>Jeremy Bentham (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Immanuel Kant propose could lead to perpetual peace?

<p>A world of constitutional and mutually respectful states (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of international relations is emphasized by sociological liberals?

<p>Transnational relations only (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Karl Deutsch, what leads to peaceful relations and a security community?

<p>High transnational ties (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a security community, as defined in the text?

<p>A group of people who have achieved a sense of community (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What model do sociological liberals propose to demonstrate how nations consist of various groups with different external ties and interests?

<p>&quot;Cobweb model&quot; (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which philosopher argued that a world of constitutional and mutually respectful states could lead to perpetual peace?

<p>Immanuel Kant (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of relations do sociological liberals argue are increasingly important and more cooperative than interstate relations?

<p>Transnational relations (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Karl Deutsch study in relation to transnational relations?

<p>Communication and transactions between societies (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

"International relations is not only about interstate relations but also..."

<p>Transnational relations (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term is used to describe a group of people who have achieved a sense of community and agree to resolve conflicts without large-scale physical force?

<p>Security community (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which tradition in International Relations contrasts with realism and focuses on peace and progress?

<p>Liberalism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a liberal philosopher in the text?

<p>Thomas Hobbes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What belief is considered a core liberal assumption, according to the text?

<p>Potential for human progress (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term is used to describe a state governed by law, as mentioned in the additional details?

<p>Rechtsstaat (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What core concern is associated with liberalism?

<p>Happiness and contentment of individuals (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What historical event caused a shift in liberal optimism, as mentioned in the text?

<p>World War II (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did early liberals believe about progress?

<p>It is inevitable and rapid (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect does the belief in progress encompass, as per the additional details?

<p><strong>Both</strong> scientific and technological advancements <strong>and</strong> social and political aspects (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does modernization increase, according to the additional details?

<p>Cooperation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterized liberal optimism after the end of the Cold War?

<p>Heightened emphasis on individual freedom (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What challenges do liberal ideas about progress and cooperation face in the present day, as mentioned in the text?

<p>Erosion of democratic values (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes a state governed by law and perpetual peace?

<p>Rechtsstaat (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does interdependence refer to?

<p>Mutual dependence between peoples and governments (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of interdependence, what does Richard Rosecrance argue as more effective means for states to achieve prominence and prosperity?

<p>Economic openness and trading options (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which countries are mentioned as examples of high industrialized countries adopting an intensified international division of labor and increased interdependence?

<p>Japan, Germany, South Korea (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What has made the traditional military-political option less attractive according to the text?

<p>The end of the Cold War (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which country is cited as a recent example of a trading state in the text?

<p>China (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to liberals, what effect does a high division of labor in the international economy have on conflict between states?

<p>Reduces violent conflict (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who proposed a functionalist theory of integration based on cooperation arranged by technical experts and economic interdependence leading to political integration and peace?

<p>David Mitrany (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which theorist developed a neofunctionalist theory of international integration emphasizing the role of political actors and their shifting loyalties in the integration process?

<p>Ernst Haas (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Liberalism: Human Nature

Humans are inherently good and rational.

Sociological Liberals

Emphasize non-governmental connections between societies.

Institutional Liberals

Stress organized cooperation between states.

Liberal View of IR

International relations are primarily cooperative.

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Cobweb Model: Conflict

Erosion of cross-cutting group memberships reduces conflict.

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Rosenau's Argument

Leads to a 'multicentric world' due to sovereignty-free collectivities.

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Cerny's Challenge

Transnational networks blur the lines.

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Sociological Liberalism: Cooperation

Relations between individuals/groups are more important.

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Importance of Individuals

Individuals are becoming more important.

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Transnational Networks & Peace

A large number of transnational networks leads to peace.

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Realist View of State

A concentration of power.

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Security Community

A group who resolve conflicts without large-scale physical force.

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Liberalism in IR

Focuses on peace and progress, opposing realism.

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'International Law' Coiner

Jeremy Bentham

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Kant's Perpetual Peace

Constitutional and mutually respectful states can achieve lasting peace.

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Sociological Liberalism Emphasis

Transnational relations only.

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Deutsch: Peaceful Relations

High transnational ties lead to peaceful relations.

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Cobweb Model

Nations have diverse groups with external ties.

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Transnational Relations Importance

Relations increasingly crucial and cooperative, surpassing interstate ties.

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Deutsch's Transnational Studies

Communication and transactions between societies.

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International Relations Scope

Not only about interstate relations but also transnational relations.

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Core Liberal Assumption

Potential for human progress.

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Rechtsstaat

State governed by law.

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Liberalism's Core Concern

Happiness and contentment of individuals.

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Shift in Liberal Optimism

World War II.

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Early Liberal Belief

It is inevitable and rapid.

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Division of Labor & Conflict

Increased international division of labor reduces conflict.

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David Mitrany

Functionalist theory of integration.

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Ernst Haas

Neofunctionalist theory of integration

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Belief in progress

Both scientific/tech advancements and social/political aspects.

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Study Notes

  • Interdependence refers to mutual dependence between peoples and governments, with the twentieth century seeing an increase in transnational relations, leading to higher interdependence.
  • Theorizing about interdependence is rooted in the liberal tradition and international political economy (IPE) perspectives.
  • Richard Rosecrance argues that economic development and foreign trade are more effective means of achieving prominence and prosperity for states, as opposed to military force and territorial expansion.
  • High industrialized countries, such as Japan, Germany, and South Korea, have adopted a trading option, choosing an intensified international division of labor and increased interdependence.
  • Smaller countries have also become trading states.
  • The end of the Cold War has made the traditional military-political option less attractive and increasingly preferred even by larger states.
  • China is a recent example of a trading state, having adopted a strategy of economic openness since the late 1970s.
  • Liberals argue that a high division of labor in the international economy increases interdependence and reduces violent conflict between states.
  • David Mitrany proposed a functionalist theory of integration, imagining that cooperation could be arranged by technical experts and that economic interdependence would lead to political integration and peace.
  • Ernst Haas developed a neofunctionalist theory of international integration, building on Mitrany and emphasizing the role of political actors and their shifting loyalties in the integration process.

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