Political Philosophy and International Relations

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Questions and Answers

Which basic liberal assumption emphasizes transnational non-governmental ties between societies?

A positive view of human nature

A conviction that international relations can be cooperative

A belief in progress

Communication between individuals and groups (correct)

According to interdependence liberals, what is of particular importance in international relations?

Organized cooperation between states

Realist critiques of liberalism

Liberal democratic constitutions

Economic ties of mutual exchange and mutual dependence (correct)

Which liberal tradition emphasizes the importance of organized cooperation between states?

Institutional liberalism (correct)

Sociological liberalism

Republican liberalism

Interdependence liberalism

According to republican liberals, what is vital for inducing peaceful and cooperative relations between states?

Liberal democratic constitutions and forms of government Signup and view all the answers

What is the principal reason why force is less beneficial for states and trade increasingly so?

The changing character and basis of economic production linked to modernization Signup and view all the answers

Who developed a neofunctionalist theory of international integration inspired by the cooperation between Western European countries?

Ernst Haas Signup and view all the answers

In what areas did David Mitrany propose technical and economic collaboration to expand?

Transport, communication, finance, and more Signup and view all the answers

Which countries are considered as 'trading states' due to their economic success?

Japan, Germany, and South Korea Signup and view all the answers

Who argued that greater interdependence in the form of transnational ties between countries could lead to peace?

David Mitrany Signup and view all the answers

According to Richard Rosecrance, why have highly industrialized countries refrained from the traditional military–political option?

The costs of using force have increased and the benefits have declined Signup and view all the answers

What did Phil Cerny argue about the transformation of the state?

It is being absorbed into transnational webs of politics and power Signup and view all the answers

What does interdependence mean according to the text?

Mutual dependence where peoples and governments are affected by what happens elsewhere Signup and view all the answers

What does Ernst Haas' neofunctionalist theory of international integration emphasize?

Getting self-interested political elites to intensify their cooperation Signup and view all the answers

What are the keys to success in today's world?

A highly qualified labour force, access to information, and financial capital Signup and view all the answers

What did Richard Rosecrance argue about modern states' preference for economic openness?

It is increasingly preferred even by very large states due to reduced urgency of traditional military options Signup and view all the answers

What is the basis of the liberal tradition in IR?

Beliefs of modern liberal philosophers in human progress Signup and view all the answers

What did modernization, including the Industrial Revolution, unleash according to the text?

Improved technologies and faith in human reason and rationality Signup and view all the answers

What is the aim of the political and economic system of the modern liberal state?

"The greatest happiness of the greatest number" Signup and view all the answers

What do liberals generally believe about human nature?

Positive view Signup and view all the answers

What do liberal disagreements revolve around according to the text?

Significance of obstacles to progress Signup and view all the answers

What does modernization increase according to the text?

Need for cooperation and belief in progress Signup and view all the answers

What happened to liberal optimism after WWII?

Became muted Signup and view all the answers

What are current challenges to liberal ideas about progress and cooperation according to the text?

Terrorist attacks and geopolitical tensions Signup and view all the answers

What does liberalism focus on according to the text?

Individual happiness and protection of individual liberty and property Signup and view all the answers

According to liberalism in International Relations, what is the role of the state?

To enforce the rule of law and respect citizens' rights Signup and view all the answers

What did Immanuel Kant propose for achieving 'perpetual peace' among states?

A world of constitutional and mutually respectful states Signup and view all the answers

Which strand of liberalism focuses on transnational relations and rejects the realist view of IR as the study of relations between governments?

Sociological liberalism Signup and view all the answers

According to Karl Deutsch, what leads to a security community where conflicts can be resolved without resorting to large-scale physical force?

A high degree of transnational ties Signup and view all the answers

What does the 'cobweb model' proposed by sociological liberals aim to demonstrate?

The complex and varied external ties and interests within a nation-state Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the main divisions of liberalism after World War II that focuses on the interdependence among states?

Neoliberalism Signup and view all the answers

According to sociological liberalism, what is the impact of individuals on global politics?

Individuals have become significant players due to erosion and dispersion of state power, advances in education and communication, and increased awareness of interdependence issues. Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the 'multicentric world' according to sociological liberalism?

It is composed of diverse sovereignty-free collectivities which exist apart from and in competition with the state-centric world. Signup and view all the answers

What does the 'More revolution' refer to according to sociological liberalism?

The increase in the number of people living longer and healthier lives, making them harder to regiment and control. Signup and view all the answers

What does the 'Mobility revolution' enable individuals to do according to sociological liberalism?

Move around and communicate globally, making it easier for them to switch loyalties. Signup and view all the answers

What is challenged by sociological liberalism in terms of traditional focus in International Relations (IR)?

Conventional focus on relations between national governments Signup and view all the answers

'Mentality revolution' reflects the growing aspirations of which group according to sociological liberalism?

The middle classes, who are shaking off traditional values and questioning authority. Signup and view all the answers

What does sociological liberalism argue about the future due to increasing pluralism and interconnectedness?

It may lead to a more peaceful world, although it may also be more unstable due to the breakdown of the old state-centric order. Signup and view all the answers

What is challenging the traditional macro-structures of power according to sociological liberalism?

Micropowers such as insurgents, activists, and charismatic individuals. Signup and view all the answers

What is being challenged by sociological liberalism regarding the transformation of the state?

The distinction between domestic and international Signup and view all the answers

What do sociological liberals emphasize regarding relations between people in a global context?

They highlight the cooperative nature of overlapping interdependent relations between people. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Liberalism is a perspective in International Relations (IR) that sees the state as a constitutional entity that respects the rights of citizens and enforces the rule of law.
Liberals believe that progress and modernization bring about cooperation across international boundaries.
Immanuel Kant, an eighteenth-century German philosopher, argued for the existence of a world of constitutional and mutually respectful states, which he called "republics," leading to "perpetual peace."
After World War II, liberalism was divided into four main strands: sociological liberalism, interdependence liberalism, institutional liberalism, and republican liberalism.
Sociological liberalism rejects the realist view of IR as the study of relations between governments of sovereign states.
Sociological liberals focus on transnational relations, or relations between people, groups, and organizations belonging to different countries.
Transnational relations are considered important for achieving peaceful relations and the formation of security communities.
Karl Deutsch, a leading figure in the study of transnational relations in the 1950s, argued that a high degree of transnational ties leads to a security community, where conflicts and problems can be resolved without resort to large-scale physical force.
Sociological liberals propose a "cobweb model" of transnational relationships to demonstrate that a nation-state consists of many different groups of people with various types of external ties and interests.
The cobweb model represents a more accurate picture of the world because it represents actual patterns of human behavior rather than artificial boundaries of states.
Sociological liberalism is a perspective in International Relations (IR) that emphasizes the importance of individuals, groups, and private relations in a global context.
Individuals have become significant players in global politics due to various reasons: erosion and dispersion of state power, advances in education and communication, increased awareness of interdependence issues, and the revolution of information technologies.
Sociological liberals argue that the increasing pluralism and interconnectedness of the world, characterized by transnational networks, will lead to a more peaceful world, although it may also be more unstable due to the breakdown of the old state-centric order.
Individuals have extended their activities through better education, access to communication, and travel, leading to a decrease in states' capacity for control and regulation.
A new 'multicentric world' has emerged, composed of diverse sovereignty-free collectivities, which exist apart from and in competition with the state-centric world.
Micropowers, such as insurgents, activists, and charismatic individuals, are challenging the traditional macro-structures of power.
The 'More revolution' refers to the increase in the number of people living longer and healthier lives, making them harder to regiment and control.
The 'Mobility revolution' is the ability of people to move around and communicate globally, making it easier for them to switch loyalties.
The 'Mentality revolution' reflects the growing aspirations of the middle classes, who are shaking off traditional values and questioning authority.
Sociological liberalism challenges the conventional focus on relations between national governments and instead highlights the cooperative nature of overlapping interdependent relations between people.
The transformation of the state and the distinction between domestic and international are being challenged, leading to uncertainty about the future.

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Test your knowledge of political philosophy and international relations with this quiz. Explore concepts related to realist and liberal views of the state, the rule of law, and international norms.