Reactive Intermediates in Aliphatic Compounds
29 Questions
1 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What type of overlap creates the sigma bond in alkenes?

  • Sideways overlap of 2p orbitals
  • Perpendicular overlap of sp3 hybrid orbitals
  • Random overlap of s orbitals
  • Linear overlap of sp2 hybrid orbitals (correct)

    • What is the approximate bond angle in alkenes due to sp2 hybridization?

  • 180°
  • 120° (correct)
  • 109.5°
  • 90°

    • Which of the following reactions represents oxymercuration of alkenes?

  • C=C + HCl → C-C-Cl
  • C=C + H2O → C-C-OH
  • C=C + Hg(OAc)2 + H2O → C-C-OH + Hg(OAc) (correct)
  • C=C + BH3 → C-C-BH2

    • In the context of alkenes, what does syn addition mean?

    <p>Addition of elements from the same side</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which reaction demonstrates the process of hydration in alkenes?

    <p>C=C + H2O → C-C-OH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary feature of hydrobromination in alkenes?

    <p>Addition of Bromine across the double bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of reaction converts an alkene to a diol?

    <p>Oxidation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes anti addition reactions when applied to alkenes?

    <p>Elements are added from opposite sides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What product results from the hydrogenation of an alkene?

    <p>Alkane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the general molecular formula for alkanes?

    <p>CₙH(2ₙ + 2)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bond characterizes alkenes?

    <p>Carbon-carbon double bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which of the following does the term 'diene' apply?

    <p>A compound with two double bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the general formula for alkynes?

    <p>CₙH(2ₙ - 2)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following compounds is classified as an alkene?

    <p>Cyclohexene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the heat of combustion of alkanes relate to their structure?

    <p>It typically increases with increasing chain length.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic feature do C-nanotubes share with diamond?

    <p>They consist of only carbon atoms in a unique structure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons is true?

    <p>They include compounds like alkenes and alkynes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mechanism is commonly associated with the halogenation of alkanes?

    <p>Free radical substitution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does branching have on the boiling point of alkanes?

    <p>It generally decreases the boiling point.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Markovnikov's rule state regarding the addition of H+ to a double bond?

    <p>H+ adds to the carbon of the double bond with the greater number of hydrogens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements regarding carbocations is true?

    <p>Stability of carbocations increases with the number of alkyl groups attached.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is hyperconjugation?

    <p>The overlap of s bonding orbital of an adjacent C-H bond with the vacant p orbital of the cationic carbon.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor contributes to the stability of carbocations according to the inductive effect?

    <p>The polarization of electrons in adjacent sigma bonds towards the positively charged carbon.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which configuration refers to a 2° (secondary) carbocation?

    <p>A carbocation with two alkyl groups attached.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true regarding the formation of a product in regioselective reactions?

    <p>One product is favored over others due to the mechanism of the reaction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of intermediate is a carbocation?

    <p>Positively charged carbon atom.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In terms of electronegativity, how does the stability of a carbocation change?

    <p>Stability decreases as electronegativity of adjacent atoms increases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a 3° (tertiary) carbocation?

    <p>Cation with three methyl groups attached.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a reactive intermediate?

    <p>Stable octet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Reactive Intermediates, Structure and Reactivity of Aliphatic Compounds

    • The lecture series covers reactive intermediates and aliphatic compounds.
    • Students will learn to identify functional groups in organic compounds.
    • Students will learn to predict products of reactions with aliphatic compounds.
    • Students will apply reactivity to define synthetic pathways for target aliphatic compounds.

    References

    • Wade, L.G., Organic Chemistry, Prentice Hall, New Jersey, 2002
    • McMurry, J.E., Fundamentals of Organic Chemistry, Cenage, Boston, 2010
    • Moloney, M.G., Structure and Reactivity in Organic Chemistry, Wiley-Blackwell, New York, 2008

    Alkanes

    • Molecular formula: CnH(2n+2)
    • Topics include structure, shape, hybridization, and examples like methane, ethane, propane, diamond, and carbon nanotubes.
    • Homework assignments include:
      • How melting and boiling points of alkanes change with their structure.
      • Explaining heat of combustion and its uses for alkanes.
      • Explaining the mechanism of halogenation of alkanes.

    Unsaturated Aliphatic Hydrocarbons

    • Alkenes:
      • Contain a carbon-carbon double bond.
      • General formula: CnH2n (diene, triene, polyene, etc.).
    • Alkynes:
      • Contain a carbon-carbon triple bond.
      • General formula: CnH2n-2 (e.g., acetylene).

    Structure of Alkenes

    • A double bond consists of:
      • A sigma (σ) bond formed by head-on overlap of sp2 hybrid orbitals.
      • A pi (π) bond formed by sideways overlap of parallel 2p orbitals.
    • The two carbon atoms and the attached atoms lie in a plane.
    • Bond angles are approximately 120°.
    • Specific bond lengths (e.g., C=C length, etc.) are defined.

    Characteristic Reactions of Alkenes

    • Various electrophilic addition reactions are discussed. Examples include:
      • Hydrochlorination
      • Oxymercuration
      • Hydration
      • Hydroboration
      • Bromination
      • Bromohydrin formation
      • Hydrogenation

    Addition Reactions - Syn versus Anti

    • Addition of X and Y to a double bond can occur on the same side (syn) or opposite sides (anti).
    • Syn and anti addition are illustrated using Newman projections.

    Carbocation Stability

    • Carbocations (C+) are positively charged carbon atoms.
    • Carbocation stability is discussed, including:
      • Factors influencing stability: Inductive effect, hyperconjugation.
        • Alkyl groups attached to a carbocation help stabilize it.
        • Methyl, primary, secondary, and tertiary carbocations have increasing stability; tertiary carbocations are generally the most stable.
    • The concept of carbocation stability governs the orientation of additions to double bonds.
    • Markovnikov's rule: H+ adds to the carbon with more hydrogens.

    Reactive Intermediates

    • Carbocations, free radicals, carbanions, and carbenes are key reactive intermediates.
      • Carbocation: Positively charged carbon atom.
      • Free radical: Carbon atom with unpaired electron.
      • Carbanion: Negatively charged carbon atom.
      • Carbene: Carbon atom with two unpaired electrons.

    Studying That Suits You

    Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

    Quiz Team

    Related Documents

    Lecture 1- Dec 16 (1) PDF - Organic Chemistry

    Description

    This quiz focuses on reactive intermediates and the structure and reactivity of aliphatic compounds as discussed in key organic chemistry texts. Students will explore functional groups, predict reaction products, and define synthetic pathways. It's essential for mastery in organic chemistry, especially for those studying alkanes and their properties.

    More Like This

    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Open
    Browser
    Browser