A-Level Chemistry Organic Synthesis Quiz: Aliphatic Compounds Questions

Study Notes

Organic Synthesis: Aliphatic Compounds

Synthesis of Aliphatic Compounds

Aliphatic compounds are synthesized through various reactions, which involve different functional groups
The synthesis of each functional group is summarized in a flow diagram

Synthesis of Alkanes

Alkanes are made from alkenes through hydrogenation reactions

Synthesis of Alkenes

Alkenes are made from alkanes through cracking reactions

Synthesis of Halogenoalkanes

Halogenoalkanes are made from alkanes through electrophilic substitution reactions
For example, bromoethane (CH₃CH₂Br) is synthesized from ethane through the following steps:
- Initiation: Br₂ → 2Br∙
- Propagation: CH₃CH₃ + Br∙ → HBr + CH₃CH₂∙, CH₃CH₂∙ + Br₂ → CH₃CH₂Br + Br∙
- Termination: CH₃CH₂∙ + Br∙ → CH₃CH₂Br

Synthesis of Alcohols

Alcohols are made from alkenes through hydration reactions

Synthesis of Aldehydes

Aldehydes are made from primary alcohols through oxidation reactions

Synthesis of Ketones

Ketones are made from secondary alcohols through oxidation reactions

Synthesis of Hydroxynitriles

Hydroxynitriles are made from aldehydes or ketones through nucleophilic addition reactions

Synthesis of Carboxylic Acids

Carboxylic acids are made from aldehydes through oxidation reactions

Synthesis of Esters

Esters are made from carboxylic acids and alcohols through esterification reactions

Synthesis of Amides

Primary amides are made from carboxylic acids and ammonia through nucleophilic addition reactions
Secondary amides are made from carboxylic acids and primary amides through nucleophilic addition reactions

Synthesis of Amines

Amines are made from halogenoalkanes through nucleophilic substitution reactions

Synthesis of Nitriles

Nitriles are made from carboxylic acids through dehydration reactions

Worked Example

Reaction pathway 1 involves hydrogenation reactions, and the reaction conditions are high pressure and temperature, and the presence of a catalyst
Reaction pathway 2 involves electrophilic substitution reactions, and the reaction conditions are the presence of a halogen and a catalyst
Compound Z contains hydroxynitrile groups, and the reaction conditions for reaction 3 involve the presence of a nucleophile and a catalyst

Description

Prepare for your A-Level Chemistry exam by learning the synthesis of aliphatic compounds, including alkanes and alkenes. This quiz covers the step-by-step synthesis of different organic compounds along with a flow diagram summarizing the process.