FORM 3 SCIENCE - CHAPTER 1 QUIZ

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is considered an involuntary action?

Deciding to eat a meal

Withdrawing your hand from a hot object (correct)

Studying for a test

Writing an essay

The medulla oblongata is responsible for voluntary actions.

False

What is the role of the spinal cord in reflex actions?

The spinal cord transmits impulses from the affector to the effector in reflex actions.

An example of an involuntary action is ________ when dust enters the nose.

sneezing Signup and view all the answers

Match the involuntary actions with their corresponding body function:

Heartbeat = Medulla oblongata Withdrawing hand from a hot object = Spinal cord Breathing = Medulla oblongata Sneezing = Medulla oblongata Signup and view all the answers

What type of action is the change in pupil size in response to light intensity?

Involuntary action Signup and view all the answers

The size of the pupil increases in dim light conditions.

True Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between pupil size and light intensity?

As light intensity increases, the size of the pupil decreases. Signup and view all the answers

In response to light, the _____ adjusts the size of the pupil.

iris Signup and view all the answers

Match the following responses with their corresponding actions:

Pupil constriction = Bright light Pupil dilation = Dim light Reflex action = Involuntary response Voluntary action = Conscious control Signup and view all the answers

Which type of photoreceptor is responsible for detecting colors of light?

Cone cells Signup and view all the answers

The cochlea is involved in amplifying sound vibrations.

False Signup and view all the answers

What part of the ear balances air pressure on both sides of the eardrum?

Eustachian tube Signup and view all the answers

The _______ cells are sensitive to faint light but do not detect colors.

rod Signup and view all the answers

Match the parts of the ear with their corresponding functions:

Earlobe = Collects and directs sound waves into the ear canal Ossicles = Amplify sound vibrations and transfer them to the oval window Cochlea = Detects and converts sound vibrations into nerve impulses Semicircular canals = Detect the position of the head and help to balance the body Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the sensory cells located in the nasal cavity?

To detect smells Signup and view all the answers

Chemical substances in the air do not need to dissolve in mucus to stimulate the sensory cells for smell.

False Signup and view all the answers

Where are the sensory cells for smell located in the human nose?

At the roof of the nasal cavity Signup and view all the answers

The 10 million sensory cells for smell produce ________ that are sent to the brain.

nerve impulses Signup and view all the answers

Match the following components of the nose with their functions:

Mucus = Dissolves chemical substances in the air Nerve impulses = Transmit smell information to the brain Sensory cells = Detect smells Nasal cavity = Houses sensory cells for smell Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a limitation of sight?

Optical illusions Signup and view all the answers

What type of lens is used to correct short-sightedness?

Concave lens Signup and view all the answers

A blind spot occurs where images are visible to the eye.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason that optical illusions occur?

The brain misinterprets visual information due to distractions. Signup and view all the answers

Long-sightedness can be corrected using a concave lens.

False Signup and view all the answers

A limitation in the ability of the eye to see objects is known as a limitation of __________.

sight Signup and view all the answers

What is the blind spot in the eye?

The blind spot is an area on the retina where there are no photoreceptors, causing a lack of vision in that specific part. Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their definitions.

Optical Illusions = Visual images that differ from reality Blind Spot = Area where images cannot be perceived Microorganisms = Tiny living organisms not visible to the naked eye Planet Jupiter = Distant object beyond the reach of normal vision Signup and view all the answers

The devices used to overcome limitations of sight include ________, light microscopes, and X-ray machines.

binoculars Signup and view all the answers

Match the following defects of sight with their corresponding corrective measures:

Short-sightedness = Concave lens Long-sightedness = Convex lens Astigmatism = Cylindrical lens Blurred vision = Corrective glasses Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of positive phototropism in plants?

To grow towards light for photosynthesis Signup and view all the answers

Roots of plants show positive hydrotropism by growing away from water.

False Signup and view all the answers

Plants respond to light through a process called ________.

phototropism Signup and view all the answers

Match the following plant response with their description:

Phototropism = Response of plants towards light Hydrotropism = Response of plants towards water Positive phototropism = Growth towards the direction of light Positive hydrotropism = Growth towards the direction of water Signup and view all the answers

What allows roots to grow deep into the ground to grip and stabilize the position of the plant?

Positive geotropism Signup and view all the answers

Shoots of plants show positive geotropism.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is thigmotropism?

The response of plants towards touch. Signup and view all the answers

Roots show __________ geotropism as they grow towards gravity.

positive Signup and view all the answers

Match the following tropisms with their descriptions:

Positive hydrotropism = Roots grow towards water Negative geotropism = Shoots grow against gravity Positive thigmotropism = Tendrils grow towards touch Negative thigmotropism = Roots avoid obstacles Signup and view all the answers

Which animal has the highest range of hearing frequencies?

Bat Signup and view all the answers

Elephants can hear frequencies up to 12,000 Hz.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of stereoscopic vision?

Overlapping fields of vision Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of sensory organs in animals?

To ensure survival by responding to stimuli. Signup and view all the answers

The hearing frequency range of a dolphin is __________ Hz.

40 – 100 000 Signup and view all the answers

Animals with monocular vision can estimate distance and depth of objects accurately.

False Signup and view all the answers

Match the following animals with their respective hearing frequency ranges:

Sea lion = 450 – 50,000 Hz Rat = 200 – 80,000 Hz Bat = 2,000 – 110,000 Hz Elephant = 16 – 12,000 Hz Signup and view all the answers

Where are the eyes of owls located?

In front of their head Signup and view all the answers

Rabbits have a pair of eyes located on the ________ sides of their head.

opposite Signup and view all the answers

Match the vision type with its characteristic:

Stereoscopic vision = Field of vision overlaps Monocular vision = Two-dimensional images Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Involuntary Actions

Involuntary actions occur automatically without conscious control.
They can be categorized into actions involving the medulla oblongata (e.g., heartbeat, breathing, peristalsis) and reflex actions involving the spinal cord (e.g., withdrawing a hand from a hot object, sneezing).
Pathway of impulse in involuntary actions includes receptors (affectors) detecting stimuli and sending impulses to the spinal cord before reaching effectors (muscles or glands).

Voluntary Actions

Voluntary actions are conscious and controlled by the brain.
Examples include reading, speaking, and exercise; these actions are initiated through impulses that travel from affectors to effectors via the nervous system.
The brain plays a crucial role in interpreting stimuli and coordinating responses, ensuring organized body movement.

Reaction Time

Reaction time varies among individuals due to factors like attention, practice, age, and health.
The distance a ruler falls during an experiment serves as a measure of reaction time, reflecting the speed of response to a stimulus.
Assessing reaction time is important in daily life, applicable in activities like driving or sports where quick responses are essential.

Pupil Response to Light

Pupil size changes in response to light intensity, an involuntary action reflecting the body's reaction to stimuli.
Observations show pupils constrict in bright light and dilate in dim conditions, demonstrating the relationship between light intensity and pupil size.
This response is critical for protecting the retina and optimizing vision in varying lighting conditions.

Human Nervous System

The human nervous system coordinates responses to internal and external stimuli, regulating body functions like movement and organ performance.
Damage to the nervous system can lead to paralysis or loss of organ function, emphasizing its vital role in everyday functioning.
Maintenance of a balanced internal environment involves complex interactions between various body systems, guided by the nervous system.

Importance of Reaction in Daily Life

Reaction time is crucial for safety and effectiveness in tasks requiring timely responses.
Differences in reaction times among individuals can influence performance in various activities, including sports and emergency situations.
Understanding reaction mechanisms enhances awareness of bodily functions and promotes health through safe practices.

Human Eye

Retina contains rod and cone cells for light perception.
Rod cells detect light intensity and are sensitive to low light, but not color.
Cone cells, active in bright light, come in three types: red, green, and blue sensitive.

Human Ear

Composed of outer, middle, and inner ear parts.
Outer ear features include the earlobe (directs sound), ear canal (guides sound to eardrum), and eardrum (vibrates and transmits sound).
Ossicles (three small bones) amplify vibrations and transfer them to the oval window.
Cochlea converts sound vibrations into nerve impulses, while the auditory nerve relays these signals to the brain.
Semicircular canals assist in balance by detecting head position.

Human Nose

The sensory organ for smell, containing approximately 10 million sensory cells.
Sensory cells are activated when chemical substances dissolve in the mucus layer, producing nerve impulses sent to the brain.

Human Tongue

Contains receptors that detect various stimuli: pain, cold, heat, touch, and pressure.
Different areas of the tongue are sensitive to specific tastes: front for sweet, sides for sour/salty, back for bitter, and center for umami.

Human Skin

Largest sensory organ, consisting of epidermis (outer layer) and dermis (inner layer).
Contains five types of receptors for detecting touch, pressure, pain, heat, and cold.
Receptors produce nerve impulses that travel through the nervous system to the brain for interpretation.

Mechanism of Hearing

Sound waves are collected by the outer ear and transmitted through the eardrum and ossicles to the cochlea, where they are converted to nerve impulses.

Sensitivity of Skin

Variation in skin sensitivity exists across different body parts with specialized receptors for detecting stimuli.

Taste and Smell

Areas of the tongue are sensitive to all five tastes, with specific regions more responsive to sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and umami flavors.
The sense of smell significantly contributes to the overall flavor perception when tasting food.

Investigation Activities

Engage in experiments to explore the mechanisms of sight, taste, and the relationship between taste and smell using everyday materials.

Limitations of Senses

Limitations of senses affect the perception of sound and sight in daily life.
Auditory and visual components are crucial for audio-visual experiences.

Limitations of Sight

The eye has restrictions in seeing tiny objects (like microorganisms) and distant objects (like planets).
Optical illusions can distort perception, leading to inaccurate interpretations of visual information.
Blind spots exist in the visual field where objects cannot be seen; this occurs due to the absence of photoreceptor cells on the retina.

Optical Illusions

Optical illusions happen when the perceived image diverges from reality due to distractions or brain interpretation errors.

Devices for Limitations of Sight

Various devices help enhance vision such as:
- Binoculars
- Light microscopes
- Scanning electron microscopes
- Ultrasound machines
- X-ray machines

Defects of Sight

Common sight defects:
- Short-sightedness (Myopia): Clear vision for near objects; corrected with concave lenses.
- Long-sightedness (Hyperopia): Clear vision for distant objects; corrected with convex lenses.
- Astigmatism: Uneven curvature of the cornea; corrected with cylindrical lenses.

Limitations of Hearing

Humans can typically hear sounds in the frequency range of 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz.
Hearing ability declines with age due to reduced eardrum elasticity.

Devices for Limitations of Hearing

Equipment to enhance hearing includes:
- Loudspeakers for amplifying sound
- Stethoscopes for listening to heartbeats

Defects of Hearing

Hearing defects can arise from:
- Infections
- Injuries
- Age-related degeneration
- Continuous exposure to loud sounds
Treatment specifics:
- Outer and middle ear issues can be remedied easily, including foreign object removal and surgical repairs.
- Inner ear damage is harder to treat; cochlear implants may help with cochlea damage but not with auditory nerve damage.

Importance of Senses

The five senses are valuable gifts that require appreciation and care.
Unhealthy lifestyles and high-risk careers can diminish sensory sensitivity.
Protective measures and devices can help maintain the health of sensory organs in various situations.

Plant Responses to Stimuli

Plants respond to various stimuli, including light, water, gravity, and touch, crucial for their survival and sustainability.
Phototropism: Directional growth toward light. Requires light for photosynthesis.
Hydrotropism: Growth toward water allows roots to absorb needed moisture and nutrients.
Geotropism: Roots grow downward (positive geotropism) toward gravity, while shoots grow upward (negative geotropism) away from gravity.
Thigmotropism: Response to touch, allowing tendrils to cling for support while roots avoid obstacles (negative thigmotropism).

Experiment Overview

Experiment 1.1 explores plant responses to light, gravity, and water using green pea seedlings.
Variables in experiments include manipulated, responding, and constant variables related to plant growth direction in response to stimuli.

Phototropism Experiment

Evaluates how shoots respond to light.
Set up includes three boxes with different light exposure (top or side).
Hypothesis tested: shoots grow towards light.
Observations focus on seedling shoot positions after consistent watering.

Geotropism Experiment

Investigates how roots and shoots respond to gravity.
Conducted in a dark environment to isolate the gravity effect.
Hypotheses include roots growing in the direction of gravity and shoots in the opposite direction.
Observations documented over two days.

Hydrotropism Experiment

Examines how roots respond to moisture.
Anhydrous calcium chloride is used to absorb moisture in beaker Y, creating a water gradient.
Focus is on the direction of root growth toward water source.

Concluding Observations

Evaluate hypotheses based on seedling growth direction.
Identify whether responses are positive (toward stimulus) or negative (away from stimulus).
Analyze the role of calcium chloride, moisture, and darkness in root behavior.
Understand the significance of these responses for plant vitality and adaptation to their environments.

Hearing Frequencies of Animals

Sea lions can hear frequencies ranging from 450 to 50,000 Hz.
Rats have a hearing range of 200 to 80,000 Hz.
Dolphins can detect sounds from 40 to 100,000 Hz.
Bats have an extensive range of 2,000 to 110,000 Hz.
Dogs can hear between 67 and 45,000 Hz.
Elephants have a lower range of 16 to 12,000 Hz.

Importance of Sensory Organs

Sensory organs enable animals to respond to stimuli, which is crucial for survival.
Certain animals, like ants, snakes, frogs, and birds, are believed to sense earthquakes before they occur.

Vision Types in Animals

Stereoscopic vision involves both eyes located in the front, allowing for depth perception and accurate distance estimation.
Monocular vision consists of eyes positioned at the sides of the head, providing a wide field of vision but limited depth perception.

Characteristics of Stereoscopic and Monocular Vision

Stereoscopic vision allows for overlap in fields, creating three-dimensional images.
Monocular vision leads to two-dimensional images, preventing accurate distance estimation.
Predators usually have stereoscopic vision for hunting, while many prey species possess monocular vision for detecting threats.

Stereophonic Hearing

Stereophonic hearing utilizes both ears to identify sound direction, aiding in locating prey and escaping predators.
The ear closer to the sound source receives the sound earlier and louder, which the brain interprets to determine sound direction.

Hearing Range of Humans

Humans can detect sounds within the frequency range of 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz.

Activities for Understanding

Group activities involve creating multimedia presentations on topics like stereoscopic vs. monocular vision, stereophonic hearing, and various animal hearing frequencies.
Exploration of how different animals utilize their sensory organs for survival is emphasized.

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